Anthrax Vaccines-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Anthrax Vaccines-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Anthrax Vaccines industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole South America and Regional Market Size of Anthrax Vaccines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Anthrax Vaccines in South America, with company and product introduction, position in the Anthrax Vaccines market
Market status and development trend of Anthrax Vaccines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Anthrax Vaccines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the South America Anthrax Vaccines market as:
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Brazil
Argentina
Venezuela
Colombia
Others
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Cell free PA vaccines: Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated (AVP)
Live vaccines: Russian vaccine, PR China vaccine
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Human
Animals
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Anthrax Vaccines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Agrovet
Bayer Sanidad Animal
Biog?nesis-Bago S.A.
Botswana Vaccine Institute
CAVAC
Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute
Centro Diagn?stico Veterinario
Ceva Sant? Animale
Colorado Serum Company
Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios S.A. (Vecol)
Indian Immunologicals Limited
Institute for Biological Products
Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals
Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
Instituto Rosenbusch S.A.
Institutul Pasteur
Intervac (PVT) Ltd.
Jordan Bio-Industries Center (JOVAC)
KAKETSUKEN (Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute)
Laboratorio Prondil S.A.
Laboratorios Laverlam S.A.
Merial Argentina
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Anthrax Vaccines-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Anthrax Vaccines industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole South America and Regional Market Size of Anthrax Vaccines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Anthrax Vaccines in South America, with company and product introduction, position in the Anthrax Vaccines market
Market status and development trend of Anthrax Vaccines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Anthrax Vaccines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the South America Anthrax Vaccines market as:
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Brazil
Argentina
Venezuela
Colombia
Others
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Cell free PA vaccines: Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated (AVP)
Live vaccines: Russian vaccine, PR China vaccine
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Human
Animals
South America Anthrax Vaccines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Anthrax Vaccines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Agrovet
Bayer Sanidad Animal
Biog?nesis-Bago S.A.
Botswana Vaccine Institute
CAVAC
Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute
Centro Diagn?stico Veterinario
Ceva Sant? Animale
Colorado Serum Company
Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios S.A. (Vecol)
Indian Immunologicals Limited
Institute for Biological Products
Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals
Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
Instituto Rosenbusch S.A.
Institutul Pasteur
Intervac (PVT) Ltd.
Jordan Bio-Industries Center (JOVAC)
KAKETSUKEN (Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute)
Laboratorio Prondil S.A.
Laboratorios Laverlam S.A.
Merial Argentina
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
1.1 Definition of Anthrax Vaccines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Anthrax Vaccines
1.2.1 Cell free PA vaccines: Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) , Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated (AVP)
1.2.2 Live vaccines: Russian vaccine, PR China vaccine
1.3 Downstream Application of Anthrax Vaccines
1.3.1 Human
1.3.2 Animals
1.4 Development History of Anthrax Vaccines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Anthrax Vaccines 2013-2023
1.5.1 South America Anthrax Vaccines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Anthrax Vaccines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Anthrax Vaccines in South America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Brazil 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Argentina 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Venezuela 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Colombia 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Others 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole South America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Types
3.2 South America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Brazil
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Argentina
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Venezuela
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Colombia
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Others
3.3 Market Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Types
CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Brazil
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Argentina
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Venezuela
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Colombia
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Others
4.3 Market Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
5.1 South America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Anthrax Vaccines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ANTHRAX VACCINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Anthrax Vaccines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Anthrax Vaccines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Anthrax Vaccines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ANTHRAX VACCINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Agrovet
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.1.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Agrovet
7.2 Bayer Sanidad Animal
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.2.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bayer Sanidad Animal
7.3 Biog?nesis-Bago S.A.
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.3.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Biog?nesis-Bago S.A.
7.4 Botswana Vaccine Institute
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.4.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Botswana Vaccine Institute
7.5 CAVAC
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.5.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CAVAC
7.6 Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.6.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute
7.7 Centro Diagn?stico Veterinario
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.7.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Centro Diagn?stico Veterinario
7.8 Ceva Sant? Animale
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.8.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ceva Sant? Animale
7.9 Colorado Serum Company
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.9.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Colorado Serum Company
7.10 Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios S.A. (Vecol)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.10.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios S.A. (Vecol)
7.11 Indian Immunologicals Limited
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.11.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Indian Immunologicals Limited
7.12 Institute for Biological Products
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.12.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Institute for Biological Products
7.13 Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.13.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals
7.14 Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.14.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
7.15 Instituto Rosenbusch S.A.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.15.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Instituto Rosenbusch S.A.
7.16 Institutul Pasteur
7.17 Intervac (PVT) Ltd.
7.18 Jordan Bio-Industries Center (JOVAC)
7.19 KAKETSUKEN (Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute)
7.20 Laboratorio Prondil S.A.
7.21 Laboratorios Laverlam S.A.
7.22 Merial Argentina
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Anthrax Vaccines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Anthrax Vaccines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Anthrax Vaccines
1.2.1 Cell free PA vaccines: Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) , Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated (AVP)
1.2.2 Live vaccines: Russian vaccine, PR China vaccine
1.3 Downstream Application of Anthrax Vaccines
1.3.1 Human
1.3.2 Animals
1.4 Development History of Anthrax Vaccines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Anthrax Vaccines 2013-2023
1.5.1 South America Anthrax Vaccines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Anthrax Vaccines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Anthrax Vaccines in South America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Brazil 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Argentina 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Venezuela 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Colombia 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines in Others 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole South America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Types
3.2 South America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Brazil
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Argentina
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Venezuela
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Colombia
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Others
3.3 Market Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Types
CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Brazil
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Argentina
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Venezuela
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Colombia
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Anthrax Vaccines by Downstream Industry in Others
4.3 Market Forecast of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
5.1 South America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Anthrax Vaccines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ANTHRAX VACCINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Anthrax Vaccines in South America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Anthrax Vaccines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Anthrax Vaccines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Anthrax Vaccines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ANTHRAX VACCINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Agrovet
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.1.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Agrovet
7.2 Bayer Sanidad Animal
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.2.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bayer Sanidad Animal
7.3 Biog?nesis-Bago S.A.
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.3.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Biog?nesis-Bago S.A.
7.4 Botswana Vaccine Institute
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.4.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Botswana Vaccine Institute
7.5 CAVAC
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.5.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CAVAC
7.6 Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.6.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute
7.7 Centro Diagn?stico Veterinario
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.7.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Centro Diagn?stico Veterinario
7.8 Ceva Sant? Animale
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.8.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ceva Sant? Animale
7.9 Colorado Serum Company
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.9.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Colorado Serum Company
7.10 Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios S.A. (Vecol)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.10.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios S.A. (Vecol)
7.11 Indian Immunologicals Limited
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.11.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Indian Immunologicals Limited
7.12 Institute for Biological Products
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.12.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Institute for Biological Products
7.13 Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.13.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals
7.14 Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.14.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Institute of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
7.15 Instituto Rosenbusch S.A.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Anthrax Vaccines Product
7.15.3 Anthrax Vaccines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Instituto Rosenbusch S.A.
7.16 Institutul Pasteur
7.17 Intervac (PVT) Ltd.
7.18 Jordan Bio-Industries Center (JOVAC)
7.19 KAKETSUKEN (Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute)
7.20 Laboratorio Prondil S.A.
7.21 Laboratorios Laverlam S.A.
7.22 Merial Argentina
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Anthrax Vaccines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Anthrax Vaccines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ANTHRAX VACCINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
