Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules market
Market status and development trend of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules market as:
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Multi-Stage
Single-Stage
Thermocyclers
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Gas pipelines
Space probes
Remote and off-grid power generators for unmanned sites
Solar
Automotives
Others
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
II-VI Incorporated
Ferrotec (USA) Corporation
European Thermodynamics
RMT Ltd.
Alphabet Energy, Inc.
Custom Thermoelectric Inc.
Analog Technologies, Inc.
TEGPRO Thermoelectric Generator Company
Kreazone
Laird
Wellen Technology Co.,Ltd.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules market
Market status and development trend of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules market as:
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Multi-Stage
Single-Stage
Thermocyclers
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Gas pipelines
Space probes
Remote and off-grid power generators for unmanned sites
Solar
Automotives
Others
United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
II-VI Incorporated
Ferrotec (USA) Corporation
European Thermodynamics
RMT Ltd.
Alphabet Energy, Inc.
Custom Thermoelectric Inc.
Analog Technologies, Inc.
TEGPRO Thermoelectric Generator Company
Kreazone
Laird
Wellen Technology Co.,Ltd.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
1.1 Definition of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
1.2.1 Multi-Stage
1.2.2 Single-Stage
1.2.3 Thermocyclers
1.3 Downstream Application of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
1.3.1 Gas pipelines
1.3.2 Space probes
1.3.3 Remote and off-grid power generators for unmanned sites
1.3.4 Solar
1.3.5 Automotives
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 II-VI Incorporated
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.1.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of II-VI Incorporated
7.2 Ferrotec (USA) Corporation
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.2.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ferrotec (USA) Corporation
7.3 European Thermodynamics
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.3.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of European Thermodynamics
7.4 RMT Ltd.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.4.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RMT Ltd.
7.5 Alphabet Energy, Inc.
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.5.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alphabet Energy, Inc.
7.6 Custom Thermoelectric Inc.
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.6.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Custom Thermoelectric Inc.
7.7 Analog Technologies, Inc.
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.7.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Analog Technologies, Inc.
7.8 TEGPRO Thermoelectric Generator Company
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.8.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TEGPRO Thermoelectric Generator Company
7.9 Kreazone
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.9.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kreazone
7.10 Laird
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.10.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Laird
7.11 Wellen Technology Co.,Ltd.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.11.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wellen Technology Co.,Ltd.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
8.1 Industry Chain of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
1.2.1 Multi-Stage
1.2.2 Single-Stage
1.2.3 Thermocyclers
1.3 Downstream Application of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
1.3.1 Gas pipelines
1.3.2 Space probes
1.3.3 Remote and off-grid power generators for unmanned sites
1.3.4 Solar
1.3.5 Automotives
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 II-VI Incorporated
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.1.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of II-VI Incorporated
7.2 Ferrotec (USA) Corporation
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.2.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ferrotec (USA) Corporation
7.3 European Thermodynamics
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.3.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of European Thermodynamics
7.4 RMT Ltd.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.4.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RMT Ltd.
7.5 Alphabet Energy, Inc.
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.5.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alphabet Energy, Inc.
7.6 Custom Thermoelectric Inc.
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.6.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Custom Thermoelectric Inc.
7.7 Analog Technologies, Inc.
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.7.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Analog Technologies, Inc.
7.8 TEGPRO Thermoelectric Generator Company
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.8.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TEGPRO Thermoelectric Generator Company
7.9 Kreazone
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.9.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kreazone
7.10 Laird
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.10.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Laird
7.11 Wellen Technology Co.,Ltd.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Product
7.11.3 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wellen Technology Co.,Ltd.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
8.1 Industry Chain of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Modules
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (TEG) MODULES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
