Multimode Fiber-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
![](/report_cover/10724/multimode-fiber-global-market-status-trend-report-2013-2023-top-20-countries-data_en.gif)
Report Summary
Multimode Fiber-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Multimode Fiber industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Multimode Fiber 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Multimode Fiber worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Multimode Fiber market
Market status and development trend of Multimode Fiber by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Multimode Fiber, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Multimode Fiber market as:
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Step Index Fiber
Gradient Type
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Communication
Electronics Industry
Other
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Multimode Fiber Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)
OFS (Furukawa)
AFL Global
Corning
CommScope
General Cable
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Multimode Fiber-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Multimode Fiber industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Multimode Fiber 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Multimode Fiber worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Multimode Fiber market
Market status and development trend of Multimode Fiber by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Multimode Fiber, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Multimode Fiber market as:
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Step Index Fiber
Gradient Type
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Communication
Electronics Industry
Other
Global Multimode Fiber Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Multimode Fiber Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)
OFS (Furukawa)
AFL Global
Corning
CommScope
General Cable
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF MULTIMODE FIBER
1.1 Definition of Multimode Fiber in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Multimode Fiber
1.2.1 Step Index Fiber
1.2.2 Gradient Type
1.3 Downstream Application of Multimode Fiber
1.3.1 Communication
1.3.2 Electronics Industry
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Multimode Fiber
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Multimode Fiber 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Multimode Fiber Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Multimode Fiber Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Multimode Fiber 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Multimode Fiber by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Multimode Fiber by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Multimode Fiber by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODE FIBER
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Multimode Fiber Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 MULTIMODE FIBER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Multimode Fiber by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Multimode Fiber by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Multimode Fiber by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Multimode Fiber Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Multimode Fiber Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 MULTIMODE FIBER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.1.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)
12.2 OFS (Furukawa)
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.2.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OFS (Furukawa)
12.3 AFL Global
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.3.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AFL Global
12.4 Corning
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.4.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Corning
12.5 CommScope
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.5.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CommScope
12.6 General Cable
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.6.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of General Cable
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODE FIBER
13.1 Industry Chain of Multimode Fiber
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODE FIBER
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Multimode Fiber
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Multimode Fiber
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Multimode Fiber
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Multimode Fiber
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Multimode Fiber in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Multimode Fiber
1.2.1 Step Index Fiber
1.2.2 Gradient Type
1.3 Downstream Application of Multimode Fiber
1.3.1 Communication
1.3.2 Electronics Industry
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Multimode Fiber
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Multimode Fiber 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Multimode Fiber Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Multimode Fiber Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Multimode Fiber 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Multimode Fiber by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Multimode Fiber by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Multimode Fiber by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Multimode Fiber by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Multimode Fiber by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Multimode Fiber Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODE FIBER
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Multimode Fiber Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 MULTIMODE FIBER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Multimode Fiber by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Multimode Fiber by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Multimode Fiber by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Multimode Fiber Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Multimode Fiber Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 MULTIMODE FIBER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.1.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Optical Cable Corporation (OCC)
12.2 OFS (Furukawa)
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.2.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OFS (Furukawa)
12.3 AFL Global
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.3.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AFL Global
12.4 Corning
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.4.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Corning
12.5 CommScope
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.5.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CommScope
12.6 General Cable
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Multimode Fiber Product
12.6.3 Multimode Fiber Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of General Cable
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODE FIBER
13.1 Industry Chain of Multimode Fiber
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODE FIBER
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Multimode Fiber
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Multimode Fiber
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Multimode Fiber
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Multimode Fiber
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference