DSP Digital Signal Processor-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
DSP Digital Signal Processor-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on DSP Digital Signal Processor industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of DSP Digital Signal Processor 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the DSP Digital Signal Processor market
Market status and development trend of DSP Digital Signal Processor by types and applications
Cost and profit status of DSP Digital Signal Processor, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor market as:
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
General Purpose DSP ICs
Application Specific DSP ICs
Programmable DSP IC
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Computers Sector
ICT Sector
Consumer Electronics Sector
Automotive Sector
Medical Sector
Other
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Freescale
Fujitsu
Texas Instruments
Amptek Inc.
Wolfson Microelectronics
Broadcom
Cirrus Logic
CML Microcircuits
Conexant
Zilog
FURUKAWA ELECTRIC
IC-Haus
Microchip Technology
Microsemi
Mindspeed
NTT Electronics
NXP Semiconductors
ON Semiconductor
Swindon Silicon Systems
Tensilica
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
DSP Digital Signal Processor-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on DSP Digital Signal Processor industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of DSP Digital Signal Processor 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the DSP Digital Signal Processor market
Market status and development trend of DSP Digital Signal Processor by types and applications
Cost and profit status of DSP Digital Signal Processor, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor market as:
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
General Purpose DSP ICs
Application Specific DSP ICs
Programmable DSP IC
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Computers Sector
ICT Sector
Consumer Electronics Sector
Automotive Sector
Medical Sector
Other
Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Freescale
Fujitsu
Texas Instruments
Amptek Inc.
Wolfson Microelectronics
Broadcom
Cirrus Logic
CML Microcircuits
Conexant
Zilog
FURUKAWA ELECTRIC
IC-Haus
Microchip Technology
Microsemi
Mindspeed
NTT Electronics
NXP Semiconductors
ON Semiconductor
Swindon Silicon Systems
Tensilica
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
1.1 Definition of DSP Digital Signal Processor in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of DSP Digital Signal Processor
1.2.1 General Purpose DSP ICs
1.2.2 Application Specific DSP ICs
1.2.3 Programmable DSP IC
1.3 Downstream Application of DSP Digital Signal Processor
1.3.1 Computers Sector
1.3.2 ICT Sector
1.3.3 Consumer Electronics Sector
1.3.4 Automotive Sector
1.3.5 Medical Sector
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Development History of DSP Digital Signal Processor
1.5 Market Status and Trend of DSP Digital Signal Processor 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional DSP Digital Signal Processor Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 DSP Digital Signal Processor Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of DSP Digital Signal Processor Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of DSP Digital Signal Processor Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Freescale
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.1.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Freescale
7.2 Fujitsu
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.2.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fujitsu
7.3 Texas Instruments
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.3.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Texas Instruments
7.4 Amptek Inc.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.4.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amptek Inc.
7.5 Wolfson Microelectronics
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.5.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wolfson Microelectronics
7.6 Broadcom
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.6.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Broadcom
7.7 Cirrus Logic
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.7.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cirrus Logic
7.8 CML Microcircuits
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.8.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CML Microcircuits
7.9 Conexant
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.9.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Conexant
7.10 Zilog
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.10.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zilog
7.11 FURUKAWA ELECTRIC
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.11.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FURUKAWA ELECTRIC
7.12 IC-Haus
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.12.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IC-Haus
7.13 Microchip Technology
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.13.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microchip Technology
7.14 Microsemi
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.14.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microsemi
7.15 Mindspeed
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.15.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mindspeed
7.16 NTT Electronics
7.17 NXP Semiconductors
7.18 ON Semiconductor
7.19 Swindon Silicon Systems
7.20 Tensilica
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
8.1 Industry Chain of DSP Digital Signal Processor
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of DSP Digital Signal Processor in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of DSP Digital Signal Processor
1.2.1 General Purpose DSP ICs
1.2.2 Application Specific DSP ICs
1.2.3 Programmable DSP IC
1.3 Downstream Application of DSP Digital Signal Processor
1.3.1 Computers Sector
1.3.2 ICT Sector
1.3.3 Consumer Electronics Sector
1.3.4 Automotive Sector
1.3.5 Medical Sector
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Development History of DSP Digital Signal Processor
1.5 Market Status and Trend of DSP Digital Signal Processor 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe DSP Digital Signal Processor Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional DSP Digital Signal Processor Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 DSP Digital Signal Processor Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of DSP Digital Signal Processor in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of DSP Digital Signal Processor by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of DSP Digital Signal Processor Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of DSP Digital Signal Processor Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Freescale
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.1.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Freescale
7.2 Fujitsu
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.2.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fujitsu
7.3 Texas Instruments
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.3.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Texas Instruments
7.4 Amptek Inc.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.4.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amptek Inc.
7.5 Wolfson Microelectronics
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.5.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wolfson Microelectronics
7.6 Broadcom
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.6.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Broadcom
7.7 Cirrus Logic
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.7.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cirrus Logic
7.8 CML Microcircuits
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.8.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CML Microcircuits
7.9 Conexant
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.9.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Conexant
7.10 Zilog
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.10.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zilog
7.11 FURUKAWA ELECTRIC
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.11.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FURUKAWA ELECTRIC
7.12 IC-Haus
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.12.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IC-Haus
7.13 Microchip Technology
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.13.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microchip Technology
7.14 Microsemi
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.14.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microsemi
7.15 Mindspeed
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative DSP Digital Signal Processor Product
7.15.3 DSP Digital Signal Processor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mindspeed
7.16 NTT Electronics
7.17 NXP Semiconductors
7.18 ON Semiconductor
7.19 Swindon Silicon Systems
7.20 Tensilica
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
8.1 Industry Chain of DSP Digital Signal Processor
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of DSP Digital Signal Processor
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
