Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers market
Market status and development trend of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers market as:
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Erbium-Doped Type
Ytterbium-Doped Type
Erbium-Ytterbium Codoped Type
Others
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Scientific Research
Industry
Defence
Others
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
MPB Communications Inc
TUOLIMA
VCE Industry
Optilab, LLC
Beijing ZongHeng Telecom Co.,LTD
Prolinx Corporation
Connet Laser Technology Co., Ltd
Nuphoton Technologies, Inc
Lumentum Operations LLC
Furukawa Electric Co
Finisar
Avara Technologies Inc
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers market
Market status and development trend of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers market as:
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Erbium-Doped Type
Ytterbium-Doped Type
Erbium-Ytterbium Codoped Type
Others
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Scientific Research
Industry
Defence
Others
Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
MPB Communications Inc
TUOLIMA
VCE Industry
Optilab, LLC
Beijing ZongHeng Telecom Co.,LTD
Prolinx Corporation
Connet Laser Technology Co., Ltd
Nuphoton Technologies, Inc
Lumentum Operations LLC
Furukawa Electric Co
Finisar
Avara Technologies Inc
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
1.1 Definition of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
1.2.1 Erbium-Doped Type
1.2.2 Ytterbium-Doped Type
1.2.3 Erbium-Ytterbium Codoped Type
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
1.3.1 Scientific Research
1.3.2 Industry
1.3.3 Defence
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers 2013-2017
2.2 Production Market of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions 2013-2017
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions 2013-2017
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Types
3.2 Production Value of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 MPB Communications Inc
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.1.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MPB Communications Inc
7.2 TUOLIMA
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.2.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TUOLIMA
7.3 VCE Industry
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.3.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VCE Industry
7.4 Optilab, LLC
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.4.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Optilab, LLC
7.5 Beijing ZongHeng Telecom Co .,LTD
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.5.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Beijing ZongHeng Telecom Co .,LTD
7.6 Prolinx Corporation
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.6.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Prolinx Corporation
7.7 Connet Laser Technology Co., Ltd
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.7.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Connet Laser Technology Co., Ltd
7.8 Nuphoton Technologies, Inc
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.8.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nuphoton Technologies, Inc
7.9 Lumentum Operations LLC
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.9.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lumentum Operations LLC
7.10 Furukawa Electric Co
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.10.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Furukawa Electric Co
7.11 Finisar
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.11.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Finisar
7.12 Avara Technologies Inc
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.12.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Avara Technologies Inc
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
8.1 Industry Chain of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
1.2.1 Erbium-Doped Type
1.2.2 Ytterbium-Doped Type
1.2.3 Erbium-Ytterbium Codoped Type
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
1.3.1 Scientific Research
1.3.2 Industry
1.3.3 Defence
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers 2013-2017
2.2 Production Market of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions 2013-2017
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Regions 2013-2017
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Types
3.2 Production Value of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 MPB Communications Inc
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.1.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MPB Communications Inc
7.2 TUOLIMA
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.2.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TUOLIMA
7.3 VCE Industry
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.3.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VCE Industry
7.4 Optilab, LLC
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.4.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Optilab, LLC
7.5 Beijing ZongHeng Telecom Co .,LTD
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.5.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Beijing ZongHeng Telecom Co .,LTD
7.6 Prolinx Corporation
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.6.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Prolinx Corporation
7.7 Connet Laser Technology Co., Ltd
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.7.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Connet Laser Technology Co., Ltd
7.8 Nuphoton Technologies, Inc
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.8.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nuphoton Technologies, Inc
7.9 Lumentum Operations LLC
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.9.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lumentum Operations LLC
7.10 Furukawa Electric Co
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.10.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Furukawa Electric Co
7.11 Finisar
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.11.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Finisar
7.12 Avara Technologies Inc
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Product
7.12.3 Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Avara Technologies Inc
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
8.1 Industry Chain of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automatic Gain Control Distributed Raman Fiber Amplifiers
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL DISTRIBUTED RAMAN FIBER AMPLIFIERS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference