Vena Cava Filter-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Vena Cava Filter-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Vena Cava Filter industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Vena Cava Filter 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Vena Cava Filter worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Vena Cava Filter market
Market status and development trend of Vena Cava Filter by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Vena Cava Filter, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Vena Cava Filter market as:
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Inferior Vena Cava Filter
Superior Vena Cava Filter
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Medical Center
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Vena Cava Filter Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Boston Scientific
Argon Medical Devices
Cook Medical
C.R. Bard
Cordis
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Vena Cava Filter-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Vena Cava Filter industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Vena Cava Filter 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Vena Cava Filter worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Vena Cava Filter market
Market status and development trend of Vena Cava Filter by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Vena Cava Filter, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Vena Cava Filter market as:
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Inferior Vena Cava Filter
Superior Vena Cava Filter
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Hospital
Medical Center
Global Vena Cava Filter Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Vena Cava Filter Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Boston Scientific
Argon Medical Devices
Cook Medical
C.R. Bard
Cordis
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF VENA CAVA FILTER
1.1 Definition of Vena Cava Filter in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Vena Cava Filter
1.2.1 Inferior Vena Cava Filter
1.2.2 Superior Vena Cava Filter
1.3 Downstream Application of Vena Cava Filter
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Medical Center
1.4 Development History of Vena Cava Filter
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Vena Cava Filter 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Vena Cava Filter Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Vena Cava Filter Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Vena Cava Filter 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Vena Cava Filter by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VENA CAVA FILTER
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Vena Cava Filter Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 VENA CAVA FILTER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Vena Cava Filter by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Vena Cava Filter by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Vena Cava Filter Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Vena Cava Filter Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 VENA CAVA FILTER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Boston Scientific
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.1.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Boston Scientific
12.2 Argon Medical Devices
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.2.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Argon Medical Devices
12.3 Cook Medical
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.3.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cook Medical
12.4 C.R. Bard
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.4.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of C.R. Bard
12.5 Cordis
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.5.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cordis
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF VENA CAVA FILTER
13.1 Industry Chain of Vena Cava Filter
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF VENA CAVA FILTER
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Vena Cava Filter in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Vena Cava Filter
1.2.1 Inferior Vena Cava Filter
1.2.2 Superior Vena Cava Filter
1.3 Downstream Application of Vena Cava Filter
1.3.1 Hospital
1.3.2 Medical Center
1.4 Development History of Vena Cava Filter
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Vena Cava Filter 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Vena Cava Filter Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Vena Cava Filter Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Vena Cava Filter 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Vena Cava Filter by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Vena Cava Filter by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Vena Cava Filter by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Vena Cava Filter Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VENA CAVA FILTER
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Vena Cava Filter Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 VENA CAVA FILTER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Vena Cava Filter by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Vena Cava Filter by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Vena Cava Filter by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Vena Cava Filter Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Vena Cava Filter Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 VENA CAVA FILTER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Boston Scientific
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.1.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Boston Scientific
12.2 Argon Medical Devices
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.2.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Argon Medical Devices
12.3 Cook Medical
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.3.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cook Medical
12.4 C.R. Bard
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.4.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of C.R. Bard
12.5 Cordis
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Vena Cava Filter Product
12.5.3 Vena Cava Filter Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cordis
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF VENA CAVA FILTER
13.1 Industry Chain of Vena Cava Filter
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF VENA CAVA FILTER
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Vena Cava Filter
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
