Universal Testing Machines-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Universal Testing Machines-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Universal Testing Machines industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Universal Testing Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Universal Testing Machines in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Universal Testing Machines market
Market status and development trend of Universal Testing Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Universal Testing Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Universal Testing Machines market as:
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Electromechanical UTM
Hydraulic UTM
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Scientific and Education
Industrial
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Universal Testing Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
MTS (US)
Instron (US)
Zwick/Roell (GE)
Shimadzu (JP)
ADMET (US)
Hegewald & Peschke (GE)
Ametek (US)
Torontech (CA)
Keysight Technologies (US)
Qualitest International (CA)
Tinius Olsen
Applied Test Systems (USA)
ETS Intarlaken (IN)
Jinan Shijin Group (CN)
Shenzhen Suns (CN)
Jinan Tianchen (CN)
Changchun Kexin Test Instrument (CN)
Wance Group (CN)
Shanghai Hualong (CN)
Tianshui Hongshan
Laizhou Huayin (CN)
Shenzhen Reger (CN)
Hung Ta Instrument (TW)
Shandong Drick (CN)
Jinan Kehui (CN)
Jinan Fine (CN)
Jinan Liangong (CN)
HRJ (CN)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Universal Testing Machines-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Universal Testing Machines industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Universal Testing Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Universal Testing Machines in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Universal Testing Machines market
Market status and development trend of Universal Testing Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Universal Testing Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Universal Testing Machines market as:
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Electromechanical UTM
Hydraulic UTM
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Scientific and Education
Industrial
Europe Universal Testing Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Universal Testing Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
MTS (US)
Instron (US)
Zwick/Roell (GE)
Shimadzu (JP)
ADMET (US)
Hegewald & Peschke (GE)
Ametek (US)
Torontech (CA)
Keysight Technologies (US)
Qualitest International (CA)
Tinius Olsen
Applied Test Systems (USA)
ETS Intarlaken (IN)
Jinan Shijin Group (CN)
Shenzhen Suns (CN)
Jinan Tianchen (CN)
Changchun Kexin Test Instrument (CN)
Wance Group (CN)
Shanghai Hualong (CN)
Tianshui Hongshan
Laizhou Huayin (CN)
Shenzhen Reger (CN)
Hung Ta Instrument (TW)
Shandong Drick (CN)
Jinan Kehui (CN)
Jinan Fine (CN)
Jinan Liangong (CN)
HRJ (CN)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
1.1 Definition of Universal Testing Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Universal Testing Machines
1.2.1 Electromechanical UTM
1.2.2 Hydraulic UTM
1.3 Downstream Application of Universal Testing Machines
1.3.1 Scientific and Education
1.3.2 Industrial
1.4 Development History of Universal Testing Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Universal Testing Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Universal Testing Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Universal Testing Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Universal Testing Machines in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Universal Testing Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Universal Testing Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Universal Testing Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Universal Testing Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Universal Testing Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 MTS (US)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.1.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MTS (US)
7.2 Instron (US)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.2.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Instron (US)
7.3 Zwick/Roell (GE)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.3.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zwick/Roell (GE)
7.4 Shimadzu (JP)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.4.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shimadzu (JP)
7.5 ADMET (US)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.5.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ADMET (US)
7.6 Hegewald & Peschke (GE)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.6.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hegewald & Peschke (GE)
7.7 Ametek (US)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.7.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ametek (US)
7.8 Torontech (CA)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.8.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Torontech (CA)
7.9 Keysight Technologies (US)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.9.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Keysight Technologies (US)
7.10 Qualitest International (CA)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.10.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Qualitest International (CA)
7.11 Tinius Olsen
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.11.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tinius Olsen
7.12 Applied Test Systems (USA)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.12.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Applied Test Systems (USA)
7.13 ETS Intarlaken (IN)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.13.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ETS Intarlaken (IN)
7.14 Jinan Shijin Group (CN)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.14.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinan Shijin Group (CN)
7.15 Shenzhen Suns (CN)
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.15.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shenzhen Suns (CN)
7.16 Jinan Tianchen (CN)
7.17 Changchun Kexin Test Instrument (CN)
7.18 Wance Group (CN)
7.19 Shanghai Hualong (CN)
7.20 Tianshui Hongshan
7.21 Laizhou Huayin (CN)
7.22 Shenzhen Reger (CN)
7.23 Hung Ta Instrument (TW)
7.24 Shandong Drick (CN)
7.25 Jinan Kehui (CN)
7.26 Jinan Fine (CN)
7.27 Jinan Liangong (CN)
7.28 HRJ (CN)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Universal Testing Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Universal Testing Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Universal Testing Machines
1.2.1 Electromechanical UTM
1.2.2 Hydraulic UTM
1.3 Downstream Application of Universal Testing Machines
1.3.1 Scientific and Education
1.3.2 Industrial
1.4 Development History of Universal Testing Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Universal Testing Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Universal Testing Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Universal Testing Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Universal Testing Machines in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Universal Testing Machines in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Universal Testing Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Universal Testing Machines by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Universal Testing Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Universal Testing Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Universal Testing Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Universal Testing Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Universal Testing Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 MTS (US)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.1.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MTS (US)
7.2 Instron (US)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.2.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Instron (US)
7.3 Zwick/Roell (GE)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.3.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zwick/Roell (GE)
7.4 Shimadzu (JP)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.4.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shimadzu (JP)
7.5 ADMET (US)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.5.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ADMET (US)
7.6 Hegewald & Peschke (GE)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.6.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hegewald & Peschke (GE)
7.7 Ametek (US)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.7.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ametek (US)
7.8 Torontech (CA)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.8.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Torontech (CA)
7.9 Keysight Technologies (US)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.9.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Keysight Technologies (US)
7.10 Qualitest International (CA)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.10.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Qualitest International (CA)
7.11 Tinius Olsen
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.11.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tinius Olsen
7.12 Applied Test Systems (USA)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.12.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Applied Test Systems (USA)
7.13 ETS Intarlaken (IN)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.13.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ETS Intarlaken (IN)
7.14 Jinan Shijin Group (CN)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.14.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinan Shijin Group (CN)
7.15 Shenzhen Suns (CN)
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Universal Testing Machines Product
7.15.3 Universal Testing Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shenzhen Suns (CN)
7.16 Jinan Tianchen (CN)
7.17 Changchun Kexin Test Instrument (CN)
7.18 Wance Group (CN)
7.19 Shanghai Hualong (CN)
7.20 Tianshui Hongshan
7.21 Laizhou Huayin (CN)
7.22 Shenzhen Reger (CN)
7.23 Hung Ta Instrument (TW)
7.24 Shandong Drick (CN)
7.25 Jinan Kehui (CN)
7.26 Jinan Fine (CN)
7.27 Jinan Liangong (CN)
7.28 HRJ (CN)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Universal Testing Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Universal Testing Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
