Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole India and Regional Market Size of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in India, with company and product introduction, position in the Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines market
Market status and development trend of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines market as:
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
CNC Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
Inverter Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
HVAC Industry
Metalwork
Others
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Nissan Tanaka
ESAB
Hypertherm
Komatsu
Voortman Steel Machinery
Lincoln Electric
Retro Systems
Automated Cutting Machinery
Messer Cutting Systems
Esprit Automation
Farley Laserlab
Kjellberg Finsterwalde
C&G Systems
Kerf Developments
BSIC
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole India and Regional Market Size of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in India, with company and product introduction, position in the Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines market
Market status and development trend of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines market as:
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
CNC Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
Inverter Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
HVAC Industry
Metalwork
Others
India Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Nissan Tanaka
ESAB
Hypertherm
Komatsu
Voortman Steel Machinery
Lincoln Electric
Retro Systems
Automated Cutting Machinery
Messer Cutting Systems
Esprit Automation
Farley Laserlab
Kjellberg Finsterwalde
C&G Systems
Kerf Developments
BSIC
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
1.1 Definition of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.2.1 CNC Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.2.2 Inverter Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.3 Downstream Application of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.3.1 HVAC Industry
1.3.2 Metalwork
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Nissan Tanaka
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.1.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nissan Tanaka
7.2 ESAB
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.2.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ESAB
7.3 Hypertherm
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.3.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hypertherm
7.4 Komatsu
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.4.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Komatsu
7.5 Voortman Steel Machinery
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.5.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Voortman Steel Machinery
7.6 Lincoln Electric
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.6.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lincoln Electric
7.7 Retro Systems
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.7.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Retro Systems
7.8 Automated Cutting Machinery
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.8.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Automated Cutting Machinery
7.9 Messer Cutting Systems
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.9.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Messer Cutting Systems
7.10 Esprit Automation
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.10.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Esprit Automation
7.11 Farley Laserlab
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.11.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Farley Laserlab
7.12 Kjellberg Finsterwalde
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.12.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kjellberg Finsterwalde
7.13 C&G Systems
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.13.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of C&G Systems
7.14 Kerf Developments
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.14.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kerf Developments
7.15 BSIC
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.15.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BSIC
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.2.1 CNC Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.2.2 Inverter Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.3 Downstream Application of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.3.1 HVAC Industry
1.3.2 Metalwork
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Nissan Tanaka
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.1.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nissan Tanaka
7.2 ESAB
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.2.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ESAB
7.3 Hypertherm
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.3.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hypertherm
7.4 Komatsu
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.4.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Komatsu
7.5 Voortman Steel Machinery
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.5.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Voortman Steel Machinery
7.6 Lincoln Electric
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.6.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lincoln Electric
7.7 Retro Systems
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.7.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Retro Systems
7.8 Automated Cutting Machinery
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.8.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Automated Cutting Machinery
7.9 Messer Cutting Systems
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.9.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Messer Cutting Systems
7.10 Esprit Automation
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.10.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Esprit Automation
7.11 Farley Laserlab
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.11.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Farley Laserlab
7.12 Kjellberg Finsterwalde
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.12.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kjellberg Finsterwalde
7.13 C&G Systems
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.13.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of C&G Systems
7.14 Kerf Developments
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.14.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kerf Developments
7.15 BSIC
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Product
7.15.3 Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BSIC
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Underwater Plasma Cutting Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER PLASMA CUTTING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
