Stun Gun-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Stun Gun-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Stun Gun industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Stun Gun 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Stun Gun worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Stun Gun market
Market status and development trend of Stun Gun by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Stun Gun, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Stun Gun market as:
Global Stun Gun Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Stun Gun Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Compact handheld Stun Guns
Flashlight Stun Guns
Baton Stun Guns
Other types Stun Guns
Global Stun Gun Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Personal safety
PSC
Police
Other uses
Global Stun Gun Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Stun Gun Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
SABRE
Cheetah
OBERON-ALPHA
Guard Dog
VIPERTEK
POLICE
Streetwise
ZAP
Night Watchman
Monster Stun Gun
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Stun Gun-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Stun Gun industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Stun Gun 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Stun Gun worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Stun Gun market
Market status and development trend of Stun Gun by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Stun Gun, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Stun Gun market as:
Global Stun Gun Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Stun Gun Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Compact handheld Stun Guns
Flashlight Stun Guns
Baton Stun Guns
Other types Stun Guns
Global Stun Gun Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Personal safety
PSC
Police
Other uses
Global Stun Gun Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Stun Gun Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
SABRE
Cheetah
OBERON-ALPHA
Guard Dog
VIPERTEK
POLICE
Streetwise
ZAP
Night Watchman
Monster Stun Gun
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF STUN GUN
1.1 Definition of Stun Gun in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Stun Gun
1.2.1 Compact handheld Stun Guns
1.2.2 Flashlight Stun Guns
1.2.3 Baton Stun Guns
1.2.4 Other types Stun Guns
1.3 Downstream Application of Stun Gun
1.3.1 Personal safety
1.3.2 PSC
1.3.3 Police
1.3.4 Other uses
1.4 Development History of Stun Gun
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Stun Gun 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Stun Gun Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Stun Gun Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Stun Gun 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Stun Gun by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Stun Gun by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Stun Gun by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Stun Gun by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Stun Gun 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Stun Gun 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Stun Gun by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Stun Gun by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Stun Gun by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Stun Gun by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Stun Gun by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Stun Gun by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF STUN GUN
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Stun Gun Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 STUN GUN MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Stun Gun by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Stun Gun by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Stun Gun by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Stun Gun Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Stun Gun Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 STUN GUN MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 SABRE
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.1.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SABRE
12.2 Cheetah
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.2.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cheetah
12.3 OBERON-ALPHA
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.3.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OBERON-ALPHA
12.4 Guard Dog
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.4.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Guard Dog
12.5 VIPERTEK
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.5.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VIPERTEK
12.6 POLICE
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.6.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of POLICE
12.7 Streetwise
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.7.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Streetwise
12.8 ZAP
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.8.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ZAP
12.9 Night Watchman
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.9.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Night Watchman
12.10 Monster Stun Gun
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.10.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Monster Stun Gun
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF STUN GUN
13.1 Industry Chain of Stun Gun
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF STUN GUN
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Stun Gun
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Stun Gun
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Stun Gun
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Stun Gun
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Stun Gun in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Stun Gun
1.2.1 Compact handheld Stun Guns
1.2.2 Flashlight Stun Guns
1.2.3 Baton Stun Guns
1.2.4 Other types Stun Guns
1.3 Downstream Application of Stun Gun
1.3.1 Personal safety
1.3.2 PSC
1.3.3 Police
1.3.4 Other uses
1.4 Development History of Stun Gun
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Stun Gun 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Stun Gun Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Stun Gun Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Stun Gun 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Stun Gun by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Stun Gun by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Stun Gun by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Stun Gun by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Stun Gun 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Stun Gun 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Stun Gun by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Stun Gun by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Stun Gun by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Stun Gun by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Stun Gun by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Stun Gun by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Stun Gun Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Stun Gun Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF STUN GUN
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Stun Gun Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 STUN GUN MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Stun Gun by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Stun Gun by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Stun Gun by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Stun Gun Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Stun Gun Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 STUN GUN MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 SABRE
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.1.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SABRE
12.2 Cheetah
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.2.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cheetah
12.3 OBERON-ALPHA
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.3.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OBERON-ALPHA
12.4 Guard Dog
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.4.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Guard Dog
12.5 VIPERTEK
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.5.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VIPERTEK
12.6 POLICE
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.6.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of POLICE
12.7 Streetwise
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.7.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Streetwise
12.8 ZAP
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.8.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ZAP
12.9 Night Watchman
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.9.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Night Watchman
12.10 Monster Stun Gun
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Stun Gun Product
12.10.3 Stun Gun Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Monster Stun Gun
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF STUN GUN
13.1 Industry Chain of Stun Gun
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF STUN GUN
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Stun Gun
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Stun Gun
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Stun Gun
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Stun Gun
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
