Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2014-2026
Report Summary
Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2014-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine 2014-2018, and development forecast 2019-2026
Main market players of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine market
Market status and development trend of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine market as:
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2026):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2014-2026):
Automatic
Semiautomatic
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2014-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food And Beverage Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Logistics Industry
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Kliklok-Woodman
Massman Automation Designs
Duravant
Arpac Llc
3M Co
Axon
PDC International Corp
Gebo Cermex
Eastey Enterprises
PakTech
Shrinkwrap Machinery Co. Ltd
Tripack
Standard-Knapp
Texwrap Packaging Systems
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2014-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine 2014-2018, and development forecast 2019-2026
Main market players of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine market
Market status and development trend of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine market as:
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2014-2026):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2014-2026):
Automatic
Semiautomatic
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2014-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food And Beverage Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Logistics Industry
Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Kliklok-Woodman
Massman Automation Designs
Duravant
Arpac Llc
3M Co
Axon
PDC International Corp
Gebo Cermex
Eastey Enterprises
PakTech
Shrinkwrap Machinery Co. Ltd
Tripack
Standard-Knapp
Texwrap Packaging Systems
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
1.1 Definition of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
1.2.1 Automatic
1.2.2 Semiautomatic
1.3 Downstream Application of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
1.3.1 Food And Beverage Industry
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.3 Logistics Industry
1.4 Development History of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine 2014-2026
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market Status and Trend 2014-2026
1.5.2 Regional Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market Status and Trend 2014-2026
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific 2014-2018
2.2 Consumption Market of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in China 2014-2018
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Japan 2014-2018
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Korea 2014-2018
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in India 2014-2018
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Southeast Asia 2014-2018
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Australia 2014-2018
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific 2019-2026
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific 2019-2026
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Regions 2019-2026
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Kliklok-Woodman
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.1.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kliklok-Woodman
7.2 Massman Automation Designs
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.2.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Massman Automation Designs
7.3 Duravant
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.3.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Duravant
7.4 Arpac Llc
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.4.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arpac Llc
7.5 3M Co
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.5.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of 3M Co
7.6 Axon
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.6.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Axon
7.7 PDC International Corp
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.7.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PDC International Corp
7.8 Gebo Cermex
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.8.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gebo Cermex
7.9 Eastey Enterprises
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.9.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eastey Enterprises
7.10 PakTech
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.10.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PakTech
7.11 Shrinkwrap Machinery Co. Ltd
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.11.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shrinkwrap Machinery Co. Ltd
7.12 Tripack
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.12.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tripack
7.13 Standard-Knapp
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.13.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Standard-Knapp
7.14 Texwrap Packaging Systems
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.14.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Texwrap Packaging Systems
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
1.2.1 Automatic
1.2.2 Semiautomatic
1.3 Downstream Application of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
1.3.1 Food And Beverage Industry
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.3 Logistics Industry
1.4 Development History of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine 2014-2026
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market Status and Trend 2014-2026
1.5.2 Regional Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Market Status and Trend 2014-2026
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific 2014-2018
2.2 Consumption Market of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in China 2014-2018
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Japan 2014-2018
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Korea 2014-2018
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in India 2014-2018
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Southeast Asia 2014-2018
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Australia 2014-2018
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific 2019-2026
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific 2019-2026
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Regions 2019-2026
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Kliklok-Woodman
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.1.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kliklok-Woodman
7.2 Massman Automation Designs
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.2.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Massman Automation Designs
7.3 Duravant
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.3.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Duravant
7.4 Arpac Llc
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.4.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arpac Llc
7.5 3M Co
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.5.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of 3M Co
7.6 Axon
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.6.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Axon
7.7 PDC International Corp
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.7.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PDC International Corp
7.8 Gebo Cermex
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.8.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gebo Cermex
7.9 Eastey Enterprises
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.9.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eastey Enterprises
7.10 PakTech
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.10.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PakTech
7.11 Shrinkwrap Machinery Co. Ltd
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.11.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shrinkwrap Machinery Co. Ltd
7.12 Tripack
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.12.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tripack
7.13 Standard-Knapp
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.13.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Standard-Knapp
7.14 Texwrap Packaging Systems
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Product
7.14.3 Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Texwrap Packaging Systems
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF SHRINK WRAPPING PACKING MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
