Semiconductor Advanced Packaging-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Semiconductor Advanced Packaging-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Semiconductor Advanced Packaging industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole India and Regional Market Size of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India, with company and product introduction, position in the Semiconductor Advanced Packaging market
Market status and development trend of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging market as:
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
FO WLP
2.5D/3D
FI WLP
Flip Chip
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
CMOS image sensors
Wireless connectivity devices
Logic and memory devices
MEMS and sensors
Analog and mixed ICs
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
Amkor Technology
Samsung Semiconductor
TSMC
China Wafer Level CSP
ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES
FlipChip International
HANA Micron
Interconnect Systems (Molex)
Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology (JCET)
King Yuan Electronics
Tongfu Microelectronics
Nepes
Powertech Technology (PTI)
SIGNETICS
Tianshui Huatian
Ultratech
UTAC
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Semiconductor Advanced Packaging-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Semiconductor Advanced Packaging industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole India and Regional Market Size of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India, with company and product introduction, position in the Semiconductor Advanced Packaging market
Market status and development trend of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging market as:
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
FO WLP
2.5D/3D
FI WLP
Flip Chip
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
CMOS image sensors
Wireless connectivity devices
Logic and memory devices
MEMS and sensors
Analog and mixed ICs
India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
Amkor Technology
Samsung Semiconductor
TSMC
China Wafer Level CSP
ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES
FlipChip International
HANA Micron
Interconnect Systems (Molex)
Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology (JCET)
King Yuan Electronics
Tongfu Microelectronics
Nepes
Powertech Technology (PTI)
SIGNETICS
Tianshui Huatian
Ultratech
UTAC
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
1.1 Definition of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
1.2.1 FO WLP
1.2.2 2.5D/3D
1.2.3 FI WLP
1.2.4 Flip Chip
1.3 Downstream Application of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
1.3.1 CMOS image sensors
1.3.2 Wireless connectivity devices
1.3.3 Logic and memory devices
1.3.4 MEMS and sensors
1.3.5 Analog and mixed ICs
1.4 Development History of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging 2013-2023
1.5.1 India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 INDIA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in North India 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in Northeast India 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in East India 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in South India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in West India 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India 2017-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India 2017-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Regions 2017-2023
CHAPTER 3 INDIA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole India Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Types
3.2 India Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North India
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast India
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East India
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in South India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in West India
3.3 Market Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Types
CHAPTER 4 INDIA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in North India
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in Northeast India
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in East India
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in South India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in West India
4.3 Market Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
5.1 India Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN INDIA
6.1 Sales Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.1.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
7.2 Amkor Technology
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.2.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amkor Technology
7.3 Samsung Semiconductor
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.3.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Samsung Semiconductor
7.4 TSMC
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.4.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TSMC
7.5 China Wafer Level CSP
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.5.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of China Wafer Level CSP
7.6 ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.6.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES
7.7 FlipChip International
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.7.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FlipChip International
7.8 HANA Micron
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.8.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HANA Micron
7.9 Interconnect Systems (Molex)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.9.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Interconnect Systems (Molex)
7.10 Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology (JCET)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.10.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology (JCET)
7.11 King Yuan Electronics
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.11.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of King Yuan Electronics
7.12 Tongfu Microelectronics
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.12.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tongfu Microelectronics
7.13 Nepes
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.13.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nepes
7.14 Powertech Technology (PTI)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.14.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Powertech Technology (PTI)
7.15 SIGNETICS
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.15.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SIGNETICS
7.16 Tianshui Huatian
7.17 Ultratech
7.18 UTAC
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
8.1 Industry Chain of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
1.2.1 FO WLP
1.2.2 2.5D/3D
1.2.3 FI WLP
1.2.4 Flip Chip
1.3 Downstream Application of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
1.3.1 CMOS image sensors
1.3.2 Wireless connectivity devices
1.3.3 Logic and memory devices
1.3.4 MEMS and sensors
1.3.5 Analog and mixed ICs
1.4 Development History of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging 2013-2023
1.5.1 India Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 INDIA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in North India 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in Northeast India 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in East India 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in South India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in West India 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India 2017-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India 2017-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Regions 2017-2023
CHAPTER 3 INDIA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole India Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Types
3.2 India Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North India
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast India
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East India
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in South India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in West India
3.3 Market Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Types
CHAPTER 4 INDIA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in North India
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in Northeast India
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in East India
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in South India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Downstream Industry in West India
4.3 Market Forecast of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
5.1 India Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN INDIA
6.1 Sales Volume of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging in India by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.1.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
7.2 Amkor Technology
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.2.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amkor Technology
7.3 Samsung Semiconductor
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.3.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Samsung Semiconductor
7.4 TSMC
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.4.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TSMC
7.5 China Wafer Level CSP
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.5.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of China Wafer Level CSP
7.6 ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.6.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES
7.7 FlipChip International
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.7.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FlipChip International
7.8 HANA Micron
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.8.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HANA Micron
7.9 Interconnect Systems (Molex)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.9.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Interconnect Systems (Molex)
7.10 Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology (JCET)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.10.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology (JCET)
7.11 King Yuan Electronics
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.11.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of King Yuan Electronics
7.12 Tongfu Microelectronics
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.12.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tongfu Microelectronics
7.13 Nepes
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.13.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nepes
7.14 Powertech Technology (PTI)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.14.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Powertech Technology (PTI)
7.15 SIGNETICS
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Product
7.15.3 Semiconductor Advanced Packaging Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SIGNETICS
7.16 Tianshui Huatian
7.17 Ultratech
7.18 UTAC
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
8.1 Industry Chain of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Semiconductor Advanced Packaging
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR ADVANCED PACKAGING
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
