Sailing Wristwatches-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Sailing Wristwatches-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Sailing Wristwatches industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Sailing Wristwatches 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Sailing Wristwatches worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Sailing Wristwatches market
Market status and development trend of Sailing Wristwatches by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Sailing Wristwatches, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Sailing Wristwatches market as:
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Digital Watches
Quartz Watches
Other
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Women
Men
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Sailing Wristwatches Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
ASTRA Yacht
Garmin
Optimum Time
SW2D
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Sailing Wristwatches-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Sailing Wristwatches industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Sailing Wristwatches 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Sailing Wristwatches worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Sailing Wristwatches market
Market status and development trend of Sailing Wristwatches by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Sailing Wristwatches, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Sailing Wristwatches market as:
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Digital Watches
Quartz Watches
Other
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Women
Men
Global Sailing Wristwatches Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Sailing Wristwatches Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
ASTRA Yacht
Garmin
Optimum Time
SW2D
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
1.1 Definition of Sailing Wristwatches in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Sailing Wristwatches
1.2.1 Digital Watches
1.2.2 Quartz Watches
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Sailing Wristwatches
1.3.1 Women
1.3.2 Men
1.4 Development History of Sailing Wristwatches
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Sailing Wristwatches 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Sailing Wristwatches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Sailing Wristwatches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Sailing Wristwatches 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Sailing Wristwatches by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Sailing Wristwatches Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SAILING WRISTWATCHES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Sailing Wristwatches by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Sailing Wristwatches by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Sailing Wristwatches Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Sailing Wristwatches Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SAILING WRISTWATCHES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 ASTRA Yacht
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.1.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ASTRA Yacht
12.2 Garmin
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.2.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Garmin
12.3 Optimum Time
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.3.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Optimum Time
12.4 SW2D
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.4.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SW2D
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
13.1 Industry Chain of Sailing Wristwatches
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Sailing Wristwatches in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Sailing Wristwatches
1.2.1 Digital Watches
1.2.2 Quartz Watches
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Sailing Wristwatches
1.3.1 Women
1.3.2 Men
1.4 Development History of Sailing Wristwatches
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Sailing Wristwatches 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Sailing Wristwatches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Sailing Wristwatches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Sailing Wristwatches 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Sailing Wristwatches by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Sailing Wristwatches by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Sailing Wristwatches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Sailing Wristwatches Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SAILING WRISTWATCHES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Sailing Wristwatches by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Sailing Wristwatches by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Sailing Wristwatches by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Sailing Wristwatches Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Sailing Wristwatches Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SAILING WRISTWATCHES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 ASTRA Yacht
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.1.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ASTRA Yacht
12.2 Garmin
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.2.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Garmin
12.3 Optimum Time
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.3.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Optimum Time
12.4 SW2D
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Sailing Wristwatches Product
12.4.3 Sailing Wristwatches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SW2D
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
13.1 Industry Chain of Sailing Wristwatches
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SAILING WRISTWATCHES
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Sailing Wristwatches
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
