Portable Flue Gas Analyzer-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Portable Flue Gas Analyzer-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Portable Flue Gas Analyzer industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Portable Flue Gas Analyzer market
Market status and development trend of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer market as:
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Single-gas Analyzers
Multi-gas Analyzers
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Power Generation Plants
Oil & Gas
Cement Plants
Chemicals
Pulp & Paper
Metals
Waste Incineration
Others
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
ABB (Switzerland)
SICK (Germany)
Teledyne Analytical Instruments (US)
Emerson (US)
AMETEK (US)
HORIBA (Japan)
California Analytical Instruments (US)
Environnement (France)
Testo (Germany)
Nova Analytical Systems (US)
Dragerwerk (Germany)
Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
Siemens (Germany)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Portable Flue Gas Analyzer-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Portable Flue Gas Analyzer industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Portable Flue Gas Analyzer market
Market status and development trend of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer market as:
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Single-gas Analyzers
Multi-gas Analyzers
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Power Generation Plants
Oil & Gas
Cement Plants
Chemicals
Pulp & Paper
Metals
Waste Incineration
Others
Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
ABB (Switzerland)
SICK (Germany)
Teledyne Analytical Instruments (US)
Emerson (US)
AMETEK (US)
HORIBA (Japan)
California Analytical Instruments (US)
Environnement (France)
Testo (Germany)
Nova Analytical Systems (US)
Dragerwerk (Germany)
Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
Siemens (Germany)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
1.1 Definition of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
1.2.1 Single-gas Analyzers
1.2.2 Multi-gas Analyzers
1.3 Downstream Application of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
1.3.1 Power Generation Plants
1.3.2 Oil & Gas
1.3.3 Cement Plants
1.3.4 Chemicals
1.3.5 Pulp & Paper
1.3.6 Metals
1.3.7 Waste Incineration
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Development History of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 ABB (Switzerland)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.1.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB (Switzerland)
7.2 SICK (Germany)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.2.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SICK (Germany)
7.3 Teledyne Analytical Instruments (US)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.3.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Teledyne Analytical Instruments (US)
7.4 Emerson (US)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.4.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Emerson (US)
7.5 AMETEK (US)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.5.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AMETEK (US)
7.6 HORIBA (Japan)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.6.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HORIBA (Japan)
7.7 California Analytical Instruments (US)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.7.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of California Analytical Instruments (US)
7.8 Environnement (France)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.8.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Environnement (France)
7.9 Testo (Germany)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.9.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Testo (Germany)
7.10 Nova Analytical Systems (US)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.10.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nova Analytical Systems (US)
7.11 Dragerwerk (Germany)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.11.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dragerwerk (Germany)
7.12 Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.12.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
7.13 Siemens (Germany)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.13.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens (Germany)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
8.1 Industry Chain of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
1.2.1 Single-gas Analyzers
1.2.2 Multi-gas Analyzers
1.3 Downstream Application of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
1.3.1 Power Generation Plants
1.3.2 Oil & Gas
1.3.3 Cement Plants
1.3.4 Chemicals
1.3.5 Pulp & Paper
1.3.6 Metals
1.3.7 Waste Incineration
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Development History of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 ABB (Switzerland)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.1.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB (Switzerland)
7.2 SICK (Germany)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.2.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SICK (Germany)
7.3 Teledyne Analytical Instruments (US)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.3.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Teledyne Analytical Instruments (US)
7.4 Emerson (US)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.4.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Emerson (US)
7.5 AMETEK (US)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.5.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AMETEK (US)
7.6 HORIBA (Japan)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.6.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HORIBA (Japan)
7.7 California Analytical Instruments (US)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.7.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of California Analytical Instruments (US)
7.8 Environnement (France)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.8.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Environnement (France)
7.9 Testo (Germany)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.9.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Testo (Germany)
7.10 Nova Analytical Systems (US)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.10.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nova Analytical Systems (US)
7.11 Dragerwerk (Germany)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.11.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dragerwerk (Germany)
7.12 Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.12.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
7.13 Siemens (Germany)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Product
7.13.3 Portable Flue Gas Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens (Germany)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
8.1 Industry Chain of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Portable Flue Gas Analyzer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF PORTABLE FLUE GAS ANALYZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
