Outdoor Surveillance Cameras-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Outdoor Surveillance Cameras-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Outdoor Surveillance Cameras industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Outdoor Surveillance Cameras market
Market status and development trend of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras market as:
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Dome Cameras
Bullet Cameras
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Military
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Lorex Technology
Hikvision
Amcrest
Swann
NETGEAR
Uniden
Arlo
VideoSecu
Q-See
Sharx Security
Dahua Technology
ANNKE SECURITY TECHNOLOGY
Funlux
Foscam
Zmodo
Tyco Sensormatic
Alptop Security Technology
Hosafe
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Outdoor Surveillance Cameras-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Outdoor Surveillance Cameras industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Outdoor Surveillance Cameras market
Market status and development trend of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras market as:
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Dome Cameras
Bullet Cameras
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Military
Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Lorex Technology
Hikvision
Amcrest
Swann
NETGEAR
Uniden
Arlo
VideoSecu
Q-See
Sharx Security
Dahua Technology
ANNKE SECURITY TECHNOLOGY
Funlux
Foscam
Zmodo
Tyco Sensormatic
Alptop Security Technology
Hosafe
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
1.1 Definition of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
1.2.1 Dome Cameras
1.2.2 Bullet Cameras
1.3 Downstream Application of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
1.3.1 Residential
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Industrial
1.3.4 Military
1.4 Development History of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Lorex Technology
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.1.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lorex Technology
7.2 Hikvision
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.2.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hikvision
7.3 Amcrest
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.3.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amcrest
7.4 Swann
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.4.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Swann
7.5 NETGEAR
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.5.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NETGEAR
7.6 Uniden
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.6.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Uniden
7.7 Arlo
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.7.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arlo
7.8 VideoSecu
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.8.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VideoSecu
7.9 Q-See
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.9.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Q-See
7.10 Sharx Security
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.10.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sharx Security
7.11 Dahua Technology
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.11.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dahua Technology
7.12 ANNKE SECURITY TECHNOLOGY
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.12.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ANNKE SECURITY TECHNOLOGY
7.13 Funlux
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.13.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Funlux
7.14 Foscam
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.14.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Foscam
7.15 Zmodo
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.15.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zmodo
7.16 Tyco Sensormatic
7.17 Alptop Security Technology
7.18 Hosafe
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
8.1 Industry Chain of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
1.2.1 Dome Cameras
1.2.2 Bullet Cameras
1.3 Downstream Application of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
1.3.1 Residential
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Industrial
1.3.4 Military
1.4 Development History of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Lorex Technology
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.1.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lorex Technology
7.2 Hikvision
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.2.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hikvision
7.3 Amcrest
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.3.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Amcrest
7.4 Swann
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.4.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Swann
7.5 NETGEAR
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.5.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NETGEAR
7.6 Uniden
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.6.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Uniden
7.7 Arlo
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.7.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arlo
7.8 VideoSecu
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.8.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VideoSecu
7.9 Q-See
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.9.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Q-See
7.10 Sharx Security
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.10.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sharx Security
7.11 Dahua Technology
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.11.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dahua Technology
7.12 ANNKE SECURITY TECHNOLOGY
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.12.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ANNKE SECURITY TECHNOLOGY
7.13 Funlux
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.13.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Funlux
7.14 Foscam
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.14.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Foscam
7.15 Zmodo
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Product
7.15.3 Outdoor Surveillance Cameras Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zmodo
7.16 Tyco Sensormatic
7.17 Alptop Security Technology
7.18 Hosafe
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
8.1 Industry Chain of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Outdoor Surveillance Cameras
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF OUTDOOR SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
