Oil Drum-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Oil Drum-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Oil Drum industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Oil Drum 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Oil Drum worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Oil Drum market
Market status and development trend of Oil Drum by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Oil Drum, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Oil Drum market as:
Global Oil Drum Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Oil Drum Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Stainless Steel Oil Drum
Plastic Oil Drum
Global Oil Drum Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Oil Industry
Military
Gas Station
Global Oil Drum Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Oil Drum Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
CurTec
F.lli Marchisio & C. s.p.a.
Eagle Stainless Container
Lubetech
Mauser
New Pig
Schutz
THIELMANN
Sotralentz
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Oil Drum-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Oil Drum industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Oil Drum 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Oil Drum worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Oil Drum market
Market status and development trend of Oil Drum by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Oil Drum, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Oil Drum market as:
Global Oil Drum Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Oil Drum Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Stainless Steel Oil Drum
Plastic Oil Drum
Global Oil Drum Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Oil Industry
Military
Gas Station
Global Oil Drum Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Oil Drum Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
CurTec
F.lli Marchisio & C. s.p.a.
Eagle Stainless Container
Lubetech
Mauser
New Pig
Schutz
THIELMANN
Sotralentz
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF OIL DRUM
1.1 Definition of Oil Drum in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Oil Drum
1.2.1 Stainless Steel Oil Drum
1.2.2 Plastic Oil Drum
1.3 Downstream Application of Oil Drum
1.3.1 Oil Industry
1.3.2 Military
1.3.3 Gas Station
1.4 Development History of Oil Drum
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Oil Drum 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Oil Drum Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Oil Drum Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Oil Drum 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Oil Drum by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Oil Drum by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Oil Drum by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Oil Drum by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Oil Drum 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Oil Drum 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Oil Drum by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Oil Drum by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Oil Drum by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Oil Drum by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Oil Drum by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Oil Drum by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OIL DRUM
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Oil Drum Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 OIL DRUM MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Oil Drum by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Oil Drum by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Oil Drum by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Oil Drum Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Oil Drum Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 OIL DRUM MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 CurTec
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.1.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CurTec
12.2 F.lli Marchisio & C. s.p.a.
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.2.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of F.lli Marchisio & C. s.p.a.
12.3 Eagle Stainless Container
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.3.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eagle Stainless Container
12.4 Lubetech
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.4.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lubetech
12.5 Mauser
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.5.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mauser
12.6 New Pig
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.6.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of New Pig
12.7 Schutz
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.7.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Schutz
12.8 THIELMANN
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.8.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of THIELMANN
12.9 Sotralentz
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.9.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sotralentz
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF OIL DRUM
13.1 Industry Chain of Oil Drum
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF OIL DRUM
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Oil Drum
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Oil Drum
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Oil Drum
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Oil Drum
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Oil Drum in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Oil Drum
1.2.1 Stainless Steel Oil Drum
1.2.2 Plastic Oil Drum
1.3 Downstream Application of Oil Drum
1.3.1 Oil Industry
1.3.2 Military
1.3.3 Gas Station
1.4 Development History of Oil Drum
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Oil Drum 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Oil Drum Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Oil Drum Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Oil Drum 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Oil Drum by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Oil Drum by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Oil Drum by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Oil Drum by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Oil Drum 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Oil Drum 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Oil Drum by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Oil Drum by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Oil Drum by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Oil Drum by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Oil Drum by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Oil Drum by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Oil Drum Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Oil Drum Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OIL DRUM
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Oil Drum Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 OIL DRUM MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Oil Drum by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Oil Drum by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Oil Drum by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Oil Drum Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Oil Drum Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 OIL DRUM MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 CurTec
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.1.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CurTec
12.2 F.lli Marchisio & C. s.p.a.
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.2.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of F.lli Marchisio & C. s.p.a.
12.3 Eagle Stainless Container
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.3.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eagle Stainless Container
12.4 Lubetech
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.4.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lubetech
12.5 Mauser
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.5.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mauser
12.6 New Pig
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.6.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of New Pig
12.7 Schutz
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.7.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Schutz
12.8 THIELMANN
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.8.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of THIELMANN
12.9 Sotralentz
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Oil Drum Product
12.9.3 Oil Drum Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sotralentz
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF OIL DRUM
13.1 Industry Chain of Oil Drum
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF OIL DRUM
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Oil Drum
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Oil Drum
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Oil Drum
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Oil Drum
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
