Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole South America and Regional Market Size of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America, with company and product introduction, position in the Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices market
Market status and development trend of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices market as:
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Brazil
Argentina
Venezuela
Colombia
Others
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Receiver
Speaker
Micro MIC
MEMS MIC
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Mobile Phone
Computer
Other
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Merry
Goertek
Foster
BSE
AAC
Hosiden
Dover
Knowles
Netronix
Plantronics
Sonion
Newjialian
STAR MICRONICS
Yucheng Electronic
Bujeon
CRESYN
NXP Sound Solutions Business
Fortune Grand Technology
Panasonic Electronic Devices
Bluecom
Kingstate
Shandong Gettop Acoustic
HangZhou Unis Electronic
RightTechnology
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices-South America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole South America and Regional Market Size of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America, with company and product introduction, position in the Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices market
Market status and development trend of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices market as:
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Brazil
Argentina
Venezuela
Colombia
Others
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Receiver
Speaker
Micro MIC
MEMS MIC
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Mobile Phone
Computer
Other
South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Merry
Goertek
Foster
BSE
AAC
Hosiden
Dover
Knowles
Netronix
Plantronics
Sonion
Newjialian
STAR MICRONICS
Yucheng Electronic
Bujeon
CRESYN
NXP Sound Solutions Business
Fortune Grand Technology
Panasonic Electronic Devices
Bluecom
Kingstate
Shandong Gettop Acoustic
HangZhou Unis Electronic
RightTechnology
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
1.1 Definition of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
1.2.1 Receiver
1.2.2 Speaker
1.2.3 Micro MIC
1.2.4 MEMS MIC
1.3 Downstream Application of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
1.3.1 Mobile Phone
1.3.2 Computer
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices 2013-2023
1.5.1 South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Brazil 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Argentina 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Venezuela 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Colombia 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Others 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole South America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Types
3.2 South America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Brazil
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Argentina
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Venezuela
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Colombia
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Others
3.3 Market Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Types
CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Brazil
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Argentina
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Venezuela
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Colombia
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Others
4.3 Market Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
5.1 South America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Merry
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.1.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merry
7.2 Goertek
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.2.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Goertek
7.3 Foster
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.3.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Foster
7.4 BSE
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.4.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BSE
7.5 AAC
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.5.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AAC
7.6 Hosiden
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.6.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hosiden
7.7 Dover
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.7.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dover
7.8 Knowles
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.8.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Knowles
7.9 Netronix
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.9.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Netronix
7.10 Plantronics
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.10.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Plantronics
7.11 Sonion
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.11.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sonion
7.12 Newjialian
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.12.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Newjialian
7.13 STAR MICRONICS
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.13.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of STAR MICRONICS
7.14 Yucheng Electronic
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.14.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yucheng Electronic
7.15 Bujeon
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.15.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bujeon
7.16 CRESYN
7.17 NXP Sound Solutions Business
7.18 Fortune Grand Technology
7.19 Panasonic Electronic Devices
7.20 Bluecom
7.21 Kingstate
7.22 Shandong Gettop Acoustic
7.23 HangZhou Unis Electronic
7.24 RightTechnology
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
8.1 Industry Chain of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
1.2.1 Receiver
1.2.2 Speaker
1.2.3 Micro MIC
1.2.4 MEMS MIC
1.3 Downstream Application of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
1.3.1 Mobile Phone
1.3.2 Computer
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices 2013-2023
1.5.1 South America Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Brazil 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Argentina 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Venezuela 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Colombia 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in Others 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole South America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Types
3.2 South America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Brazil
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Argentina
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Venezuela
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Colombia
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Others
3.3 Market Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Types
CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Brazil
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Argentina
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Venezuela
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Colombia
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Downstream Industry in Others
4.3 Market Forecast of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
5.1 South America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices in South America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Merry
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.1.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merry
7.2 Goertek
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.2.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Goertek
7.3 Foster
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.3.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Foster
7.4 BSE
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.4.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BSE
7.5 AAC
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.5.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AAC
7.6 Hosiden
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.6.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hosiden
7.7 Dover
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.7.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dover
7.8 Knowles
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.8.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Knowles
7.9 Netronix
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.9.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Netronix
7.10 Plantronics
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.10.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Plantronics
7.11 Sonion
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.11.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sonion
7.12 Newjialian
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.12.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Newjialian
7.13 STAR MICRONICS
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.13.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of STAR MICRONICS
7.14 Yucheng Electronic
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.14.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yucheng Electronic
7.15 Bujeon
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Product
7.15.3 Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bujeon
7.16 CRESYN
7.17 NXP Sound Solutions Business
7.18 Fortune Grand Technology
7.19 Panasonic Electronic Devices
7.20 Bluecom
7.21 Kingstate
7.22 Shandong Gettop Acoustic
7.23 HangZhou Unis Electronic
7.24 RightTechnology
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
8.1 Industry Chain of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Micro Electronic Acoustic Devices
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF MICRO ELECTRONIC ACOUSTIC DEVICES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
