Laundry Driers-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Laundry Driers-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Laundry Driers industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Laundry Driers 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Laundry Driers worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Laundry Driers market
Market status and development trend of Laundry Driers by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Laundry Driers, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Laundry Driers market as:
Global Laundry Driers Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Laundry Driers Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Thermal Pump Type Laundry Driers
Condensation Type Laundry Driers
Through-Air Type Laundry Driers
Global Laundry Driers Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Laundry
Hotal
House
Other
Global Laundry Driers Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Laundry Driers Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Panasonic
Samsung
Siemens
LG
Iris
Sanyo
Haier
BOSCH
Miele
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Laundry Driers-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Laundry Driers industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Laundry Driers 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Laundry Driers worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Laundry Driers market
Market status and development trend of Laundry Driers by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Laundry Driers, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Laundry Driers market as:
Global Laundry Driers Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Laundry Driers Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Thermal Pump Type Laundry Driers
Condensation Type Laundry Driers
Through-Air Type Laundry Driers
Global Laundry Driers Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Laundry
Hotal
House
Other
Global Laundry Driers Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Laundry Driers Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Panasonic
Samsung
Siemens
LG
Iris
Sanyo
Haier
BOSCH
Miele
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
1.1 Definition of Laundry Driers in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Laundry Driers
1.2.1 Thermal Pump Type Laundry Driers
1.2.2 Condensation Type Laundry Driers
1.2.3 Through-Air Type Laundry Driers
1.3 Downstream Application of Laundry Driers
1.3.1 Laundry
1.3.2 Hotal
1.3.3 House
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Laundry Driers
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Laundry Driers 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Laundry Driers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Laundry Driers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Laundry Driers 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Laundry Driers 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Laundry Driers 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Laundry Driers by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Laundry Driers by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Laundry Driers by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Laundry Driers by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Laundry Driers by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Laundry Driers by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Laundry Driers Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 LAUNDRY DRIERS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Laundry Driers by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Laundry Driers by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Laundry Driers by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Laundry Driers Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Laundry Driers Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 LAUNDRY DRIERS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Panasonic
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.1.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Panasonic
12.2 Samsung
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.2.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Samsung
12.3 Siemens
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.3.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens
12.4 LG
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.4.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LG
12.5 Iris
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.5.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Iris
12.6 Sanyo
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.6.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sanyo
12.7 Haier
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.7.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Haier
12.8 BOSCH
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.8.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BOSCH
12.9 Miele
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.9.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Miele
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
13.1 Industry Chain of Laundry Driers
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Laundry Driers
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Laundry Driers
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Laundry Driers
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Laundry Driers
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Laundry Driers in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Laundry Driers
1.2.1 Thermal Pump Type Laundry Driers
1.2.2 Condensation Type Laundry Driers
1.2.3 Through-Air Type Laundry Driers
1.3 Downstream Application of Laundry Driers
1.3.1 Laundry
1.3.2 Hotal
1.3.3 House
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Laundry Driers
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Laundry Driers 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Laundry Driers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Laundry Driers Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Laundry Driers 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Laundry Driers by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Laundry Driers 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Laundry Driers 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Laundry Driers by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Laundry Driers by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Laundry Driers by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Laundry Driers by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Laundry Driers by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Laundry Driers by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Laundry Driers Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Laundry Driers Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Laundry Driers Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 LAUNDRY DRIERS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Laundry Driers by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Laundry Driers by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Laundry Driers by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Laundry Driers Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Laundry Driers Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 LAUNDRY DRIERS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Panasonic
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.1.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Panasonic
12.2 Samsung
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.2.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Samsung
12.3 Siemens
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.3.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens
12.4 LG
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.4.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LG
12.5 Iris
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.5.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Iris
12.6 Sanyo
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.6.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sanyo
12.7 Haier
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.7.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Haier
12.8 BOSCH
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.8.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BOSCH
12.9 Miele
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Laundry Driers Product
12.9.3 Laundry Driers Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Miele
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
13.1 Industry Chain of Laundry Driers
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF LAUNDRY DRIERS
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Laundry Driers
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Laundry Driers
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Laundry Driers
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Laundry Driers
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
