Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole North America and Regional Market Size of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in North America, with company and product introduction, position in the Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery market
Market status and development trend of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery market as:
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
United States
Canada
Mexico
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Injection Molding Machinery
Extrusion Machinery
Blow Molding Machinery
Other Plastic Processing Machinery
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Packaging
Consumer Goods
Construction
Others
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Arburg
Milacron
Toshiba Machine
Japan Steel Works
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
Battenfeld-Cincinnati
Kobelco
Rogan
Gurucharan Industries
Costruzioni Macchine Speciali
Fu Chun Shin Machinery
Hutcheon
Hillson Mechanical
KMB Group
Riva Machinery
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole North America and Regional Market Size of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in North America, with company and product introduction, position in the Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery market
Market status and development trend of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery market as:
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
United States
Canada
Mexico
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Injection Molding Machinery
Extrusion Machinery
Blow Molding Machinery
Other Plastic Processing Machinery
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Packaging
Consumer Goods
Construction
Others
North America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Arburg
Milacron
Toshiba Machine
Japan Steel Works
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
Battenfeld-Cincinnati
Kobelco
Rogan
Gurucharan Industries
Costruzioni Macchine Speciali
Fu Chun Shin Machinery
Hutcheon
Hillson Mechanical
KMB Group
Riva Machinery
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
1.1 Definition of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
1.2.1 Injection Molding Machinery
1.2.2 Extrusion Machinery
1.2.3 Blow Molding Machinery
1.2.4 Other Plastic Processing Machinery
1.3 Downstream Application of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
1.3.1 Packaging
1.3.2 Consumer Goods
1.3.3 Construction
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery 2013-2023
1.5.1 South America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Brazil 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Argentina 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Venezuela 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Colombia 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Others 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole South America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Types
3.2 South America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Brazil
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Argentina
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Venezuela
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Colombia
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Others
3.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Types
CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Brazil
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Argentina
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Venezuela
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Colombia
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Others
4.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
5.1 South America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Arburg
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.1.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arburg
7.2 Milacron
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.2.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Milacron
7.3 Toshiba Machine
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.3.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toshiba Machine
7.4 Japan Steel Works
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.4.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Japan Steel Works
7.5 Sumitomo Heavy Industries
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.5.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sumitomo Heavy Industries
7.6 Battenfeld-Cincinnati
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.6.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Battenfeld-Cincinnati
7.7 Kobelco
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.7.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kobelco
7.8 Rogan
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.8.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rogan
7.9 Gurucharan Industries
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.9.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gurucharan Industries
7.10 Costruzioni Macchine Speciali
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.10.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Costruzioni Macchine Speciali
7.11 Fu Chun Shin Machinery
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.11.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fu Chun Shin Machinery
7.12 Hutcheon
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.12.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hutcheon
7.13 Hillson Mechanical
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.13.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hillson Mechanical
7.14 KMB Group
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.14.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KMB Group
7.15 Riva Machinery
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.15.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Riva Machinery
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
8.1 Industry Chain of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
1.2.1 Injection Molding Machinery
1.2.2 Extrusion Machinery
1.2.3 Blow Molding Machinery
1.2.4 Other Plastic Processing Machinery
1.3 Downstream Application of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
1.3.1 Packaging
1.3.2 Consumer Goods
1.3.3 Construction
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery 2013-2023
1.5.1 South America Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Brazil 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Argentina 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Venezuela 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Colombia 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in Others 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole South America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Types
3.2 South America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Brazil
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Argentina
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Venezuela
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Colombia
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Others
3.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Types
CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Brazil
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Argentina
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Venezuela
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Colombia
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Downstream Industry in Others
4.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
5.1 South America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery in South America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Arburg
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.1.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arburg
7.2 Milacron
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.2.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Milacron
7.3 Toshiba Machine
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.3.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toshiba Machine
7.4 Japan Steel Works
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.4.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Japan Steel Works
7.5 Sumitomo Heavy Industries
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.5.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sumitomo Heavy Industries
7.6 Battenfeld-Cincinnati
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.6.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Battenfeld-Cincinnati
7.7 Kobelco
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.7.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kobelco
7.8 Rogan
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.8.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rogan
7.9 Gurucharan Industries
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.9.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gurucharan Industries
7.10 Costruzioni Macchine Speciali
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.10.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Costruzioni Macchine Speciali
7.11 Fu Chun Shin Machinery
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.11.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fu Chun Shin Machinery
7.12 Hutcheon
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.12.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hutcheon
7.13 Hillson Mechanical
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.13.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hillson Mechanical
7.14 KMB Group
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.14.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KMB Group
7.15 Riva Machinery
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Product
7.15.3 Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Riva Machinery
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
8.1 Industry Chain of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Industrial Plastic Processing Machinery
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
