Industrial Hot-melt Equipments-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Industrial Hot-melt Equipments-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Industrial Hot-melt Equipments industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Industrial Hot-melt Equipments market
Market status and development trend of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments market as:
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Benchtop
Portable
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Electronics
Home Decorations
Food Industry
Packing Industry
Other
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Henkel
Nordson
3M
Glue Machinery
Valco Melton
Illinois Tool Works
Power Adhesives
Astro Packaging
SUREBONDER
Graco
Dymax Corporation
Robatech
Axco Adhesive Systems
Buhnen
Reka Klebetechnik
Rheological
Adsol UK
MeltPro
KMS ADHESIVES
HuiZhou Fuliyuan Machinery
Glue Dots International
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Industrial Hot-melt Equipments-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Industrial Hot-melt Equipments industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Industrial Hot-melt Equipments market
Market status and development trend of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments market as:
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Benchtop
Portable
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Electronics
Home Decorations
Food Industry
Packing Industry
Other
United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Henkel
Nordson
3M
Glue Machinery
Valco Melton
Illinois Tool Works
Power Adhesives
Astro Packaging
SUREBONDER
Graco
Dymax Corporation
Robatech
Axco Adhesive Systems
Buhnen
Reka Klebetechnik
Rheological
Adsol UK
MeltPro
KMS ADHESIVES
HuiZhou Fuliyuan Machinery
Glue Dots International
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
1.1 Definition of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
1.2.1 Benchtop
1.2.2 Portable
1.3 Downstream Application of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
1.3.1 Electronics
1.3.2 Home Decorations
1.3.3 Food Industry
1.3.4 Packing Industry
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Henkel
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.1.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Henkel
7.2 Nordson
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.2.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nordson
7.3 3M
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.3.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of 3M
7.4 Glue Machinery
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.4.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Glue Machinery
7.5 Valco Melton
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.5.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Valco Melton
7.6 Illinois Tool Works
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.6.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Illinois Tool Works
7.7 Power Adhesives
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.7.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Power Adhesives
7.8 Astro Packaging
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.8.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Astro Packaging
7.9 SUREBONDER
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.9.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SUREBONDER
7.10 Graco
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.10.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Graco
7.11 Dymax Corporation
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.11.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dymax Corporation
7.12 Robatech
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.12.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Robatech
7.13 Axco Adhesive Systems
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.13.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Axco Adhesive Systems
7.14 Buhnen
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.14.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Buhnen
7.15 Reka Klebetechnik
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.15.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Reka Klebetechnik
7.16 Rheological
7.17 Adsol UK
7.18 MeltPro
7.19 KMS ADHESIVES
7.20 HuiZhou Fuliyuan Machinery
7.21 Glue Dots International
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
8.1 Industry Chain of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
1.2.1 Benchtop
1.2.2 Portable
1.3 Downstream Application of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
1.3.1 Electronics
1.3.2 Home Decorations
1.3.3 Food Industry
1.3.4 Packing Industry
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Henkel
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.1.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Henkel
7.2 Nordson
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.2.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nordson
7.3 3M
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.3.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of 3M
7.4 Glue Machinery
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.4.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Glue Machinery
7.5 Valco Melton
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.5.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Valco Melton
7.6 Illinois Tool Works
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.6.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Illinois Tool Works
7.7 Power Adhesives
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.7.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Power Adhesives
7.8 Astro Packaging
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.8.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Astro Packaging
7.9 SUREBONDER
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.9.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SUREBONDER
7.10 Graco
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.10.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Graco
7.11 Dymax Corporation
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.11.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dymax Corporation
7.12 Robatech
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.12.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Robatech
7.13 Axco Adhesive Systems
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.13.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Axco Adhesive Systems
7.14 Buhnen
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.14.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Buhnen
7.15 Reka Klebetechnik
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Product
7.15.3 Industrial Hot-melt Equipments Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Reka Klebetechnik
7.16 Rheological
7.17 Adsol UK
7.18 MeltPro
7.19 KMS ADHESIVES
7.20 HuiZhou Fuliyuan Machinery
7.21 Glue Dots International
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
8.1 Industry Chain of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Industrial Hot-melt Equipments
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL HOT-MELT EQUIPMENTS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
