Inductive Trunk-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Inductive Trunk-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Inductive Trunk industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Inductive Trunk 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Inductive Trunk worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Inductive Trunk market
Market status and development trend of Inductive Trunk by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Inductive Trunk, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Inductive Trunk market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Inductive Trunk industry.
The report segments the global Inductive Trunk market as:
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
Kicking
Non-kicking
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Sedan
SUV
Other
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Inductive Trunk Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Brose
Volkswagen
Hyundai
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Inductive Trunk-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Inductive Trunk industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Inductive Trunk 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Inductive Trunk worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Inductive Trunk market
Market status and development trend of Inductive Trunk by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Inductive Trunk, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Inductive Trunk market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Inductive Trunk industry.
The report segments the global Inductive Trunk market as:
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
Kicking
Non-kicking
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Sedan
SUV
Other
Global Inductive Trunk Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Inductive Trunk Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Brose
Volkswagen
Hyundai
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
1.1 Definition of Inductive Trunk in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Inductive Trunk
1.2.1 Kicking
1.2.2 Non-kicking
1.3 Downstream Application of Inductive Trunk
1.3.1 Sedan
1.3.2 SUV
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Inductive Trunk
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Inductive Trunk 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Inductive Trunk Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Inductive Trunk Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Inductive Trunk 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Inductive Trunk by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Inductive Trunk by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Inductive Trunk by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Inductive Trunk Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 INDUCTIVE TRUNK MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Inductive Trunk by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Inductive Trunk by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Inductive Trunk by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Inductive Trunk Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Inductive Trunk Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 INDUCTIVE TRUNK MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Brose
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Inductive Trunk Product
12.1.3 Inductive Trunk Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Brose
12.2 Volkswagen
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Inductive Trunk Product
12.2.3 Inductive Trunk Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Volkswagen
12.3 Hyundai
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Inductive Trunk Product
12.3.3 Inductive Trunk Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hyundai
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
13.1 Industry Chain of Inductive Trunk
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Inductive Trunk
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Inductive Trunk
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Inductive Trunk
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Inductive Trunk
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Inductive Trunk in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Inductive Trunk
1.2.1 Kicking
1.2.2 Non-kicking
1.3 Downstream Application of Inductive Trunk
1.3.1 Sedan
1.3.2 SUV
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Inductive Trunk
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Inductive Trunk 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Inductive Trunk Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Inductive Trunk Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Inductive Trunk 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Inductive Trunk by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Inductive Trunk by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Inductive Trunk by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Inductive Trunk by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Inductive Trunk by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Inductive Trunk Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Inductive Trunk Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 INDUCTIVE TRUNK MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Inductive Trunk by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Inductive Trunk by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Inductive Trunk by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Inductive Trunk Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Inductive Trunk Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 INDUCTIVE TRUNK MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Brose
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Inductive Trunk Product
12.1.3 Inductive Trunk Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Brose
12.2 Volkswagen
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Inductive Trunk Product
12.2.3 Inductive Trunk Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Volkswagen
12.3 Hyundai
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Inductive Trunk Product
12.3.3 Inductive Trunk Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hyundai
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
13.1 Industry Chain of Inductive Trunk
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE TRUNK
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Inductive Trunk
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Inductive Trunk
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Inductive Trunk
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Inductive Trunk
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
