Hollow Blow Molding Machine-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Hollow Blow Molding Machine-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Hollow Blow Molding Machine industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole India and Regional Market Size of Hollow Blow Molding Machine 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in India, with company and product introduction, position in the Hollow Blow Molding Machine market
Market status and development trend of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Hollow Blow Molding Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the India Hollow Blow Molding Machine market as:
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Extrusion Blow Molding Machine
Injection Blow Molding Machine
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food & Beverage Industry
Chemical Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Cosmetics Industry
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Sidel (Tetra Laval)
Sipa
Krones
Bekum
SMF
Jomar
Graham Engineering
ASB
KHS
Techne Graham
Uniloy Milacron (Milacron)
Mauser
Automa
Chia Ming Machinery
Fong Kee
ZQ Machinery
Akei
JASU Group
Quinko
Tech-Long
Parker
Magic
Kautex (Textron)
BBM
Meccanoplastica
Plastiblow
Pavan Zanetti
Wilmington
Multipack
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Hollow Blow Molding Machine-India Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Hollow Blow Molding Machine industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole India and Regional Market Size of Hollow Blow Molding Machine 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in India, with company and product introduction, position in the Hollow Blow Molding Machine market
Market status and development trend of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Hollow Blow Molding Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the India Hollow Blow Molding Machine market as:
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North India
Northeast India
East India
South India
West India
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Extrusion Blow Molding Machine
Injection Blow Molding Machine
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food & Beverage Industry
Chemical Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Cosmetics Industry
India Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Sidel (Tetra Laval)
Sipa
Krones
Bekum
SMF
Jomar
Graham Engineering
ASB
KHS
Techne Graham
Uniloy Milacron (Milacron)
Mauser
Automa
Chia Ming Machinery
Fong Kee
ZQ Machinery
Akei
JASU Group
Quinko
Tech-Long
Parker
Magic
Kautex (Textron)
BBM
Meccanoplastica
Plastiblow
Pavan Zanetti
Wilmington
Multipack
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
1.1 Definition of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
1.2.1 Extrusion Blow Molding Machine
1.2.2 Injection Blow Molding Machine
1.3 Downstream Application of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
1.3.1 Food & Beverage Industry
1.3.2 Chemical Industry
1.3.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.4 Cosmetics Industry
1.4 Development History of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Hollow Blow Molding Machine 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Hollow Blow Molding Machine Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Hollow Blow Molding Machine Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Sidel (Tetra Laval)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.1.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sidel (Tetra Laval)
7.2 Sipa
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.2.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sipa
7.3 Krones
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.3.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Krones
7.4 Bekum
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.4.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bekum
7.5 SMF
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.5.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SMF
7.6 Jomar
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.6.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jomar
7.7 Graham Engineering
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.7.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Graham Engineering
7.8 ASB
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.8.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ASB
7.9 KHS
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.9.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KHS
7.10 Techne Graham
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.10.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Techne Graham
7.11 Uniloy Milacron (Milacron)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.11.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Uniloy Milacron (Milacron)
7.12 Mauser
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.12.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mauser
7.13 Automa
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.13.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Automa
7.14 Chia Ming Machinery
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.14.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Chia Ming Machinery
7.15 Fong Kee
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.15.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fong Kee
7.16 ZQ Machinery
7.17 Akei
7.18 JASU Group
7.19 Quinko
7.20 Tech-Long
7.21 Parker
7.22 Magic
7.23 Kautex (Textron)
7.24 BBM
7.25 Meccanoplastica
7.26 Plastiblow
7.27 Pavan Zanetti
7.28 Wilmington
7.29 Multipack
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
1.2.1 Extrusion Blow Molding Machine
1.2.2 Injection Blow Molding Machine
1.3 Downstream Application of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
1.3.1 Food & Beverage Industry
1.3.2 Chemical Industry
1.3.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.4 Cosmetics Industry
1.4 Development History of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Hollow Blow Molding Machine 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Hollow Blow Molding Machine Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Hollow Blow Molding Machine in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Hollow Blow Molding Machine by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Hollow Blow Molding Machine Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Hollow Blow Molding Machine Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Sidel (Tetra Laval)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.1.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sidel (Tetra Laval)
7.2 Sipa
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.2.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sipa
7.3 Krones
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.3.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Krones
7.4 Bekum
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.4.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bekum
7.5 SMF
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.5.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SMF
7.6 Jomar
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.6.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jomar
7.7 Graham Engineering
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.7.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Graham Engineering
7.8 ASB
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.8.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ASB
7.9 KHS
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.9.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KHS
7.10 Techne Graham
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.10.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Techne Graham
7.11 Uniloy Milacron (Milacron)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.11.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Uniloy Milacron (Milacron)
7.12 Mauser
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.12.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mauser
7.13 Automa
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.13.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Automa
7.14 Chia Ming Machinery
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.14.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Chia Ming Machinery
7.15 Fong Kee
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Hollow Blow Molding Machine Product
7.15.3 Hollow Blow Molding Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Fong Kee
7.16 ZQ Machinery
7.17 Akei
7.18 JASU Group
7.19 Quinko
7.20 Tech-Long
7.21 Parker
7.22 Magic
7.23 Kautex (Textron)
7.24 BBM
7.25 Meccanoplastica
7.26 Plastiblow
7.27 Pavan Zanetti
7.28 Wilmington
7.29 Multipack
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Hollow Blow Molding Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF HOLLOW BLOW MOLDING MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
