High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer market
Market status and development trend of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer industry.
The report segments the global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer market as:
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
MaxCapacityBelow100(L/H)
MaxCapacity100-10000(L/H)
MaxCapacityAbove10000(L/H)
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food&Beverage
Pharmaceutical&Biotech
Chemical
Cosmetic
Others
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
KronesAG
GEA
FBFItalia
BEEInternational
Bertoli(InterpumpGroup)
SPXFLOW
Microfluidics(IDEX)
IKA
NETZSCH
FrymaKoruma(ProXES)
PSIInstruments
PHDTechnology
Sonic
Alitec
HOMMAKMachine
SimesSA
EKATOHOLDING
BOSHomogenisers
HomogenisingSystems(StanstedFluidPower)
GOMA
Drawell
ShanghaiDonghua
JiangsuXinhengyueGeneralMachineryManufacturing
ChangzhouShiSuperHomogeneousPump
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer market
Market status and development trend of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer industry.
The report segments the global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer market as:
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
MaxCapacityBelow100(L/H)
MaxCapacity100-10000(L/H)
MaxCapacityAbove10000(L/H)
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food&Beverage
Pharmaceutical&Biotech
Chemical
Cosmetic
Others
Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
KronesAG
GEA
FBFItalia
BEEInternational
Bertoli(InterpumpGroup)
SPXFLOW
Microfluidics(IDEX)
IKA
NETZSCH
FrymaKoruma(ProXES)
PSIInstruments
PHDTechnology
Sonic
Alitec
HOMMAKMachine
SimesSA
EKATOHOLDING
BOSHomogenisers
HomogenisingSystems(StanstedFluidPower)
GOMA
Drawell
ShanghaiDonghua
JiangsuXinhengyueGeneralMachineryManufacturing
ChangzhouShiSuperHomogeneousPump
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
1.1 Definition of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
1.2.1 MaxCapacityBelow100(L/H)
1.2.2 MaxCapacity100-10000(L/H)
1.2.3 MaxCapacityAbove10000(L/H)
1.3 Downstream Application of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
1.3.1 Food&Beverage
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical&Biotech
1.3.3 Chemical
1.3.4 Cosmetic
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Types
3.2 Production Value of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 KronesAG
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.1.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KronesAG
7.2 GEA
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.2.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GEA
7.3 FBFItalia
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.3.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FBFItalia
7.4 BEEInternational
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.4.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BEEInternational
7.5 Bertoli(InterpumpGroup)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.5.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bertoli(InterpumpGroup)
7.6 SPXFLOW
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.6.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SPXFLOW
7.7 Microfluidics(IDEX)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.7.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microfluidics(IDEX)
7.8 IKA
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.8.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IKA
7.9 NETZSCH
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.9.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NETZSCH
7.10 FrymaKoruma(ProXES)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.10.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FrymaKoruma(ProXES)
7.11 PSIInstruments
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.11.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PSIInstruments
7.12 PHDTechnology
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.12.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PHDTechnology
7.13 Sonic
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.13.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sonic
7.14 Alitec
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.14.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alitec
7.15 HOMMAKMachine
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.15.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HOMMAKMachine
7.16 SimesSA
7.17 EKATOHOLDING
7.18 BOSHomogenisers
7.19 HomogenisingSystems(StanstedFluidPower)
7.20 GOMA
7.21 Drawell
7.22 ShanghaiDonghua
7.23 JiangsuXinhengyueGeneralMachineryManufacturing
7.24 ChangzhouShiSuperHomogeneousPump
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
8.1 Industry Chain of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
1.2.1 MaxCapacityBelow100(L/H)
1.2.2 MaxCapacity100-10000(L/H)
1.2.3 MaxCapacityAbove10000(L/H)
1.3 Downstream Application of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
1.3.1 Food&Beverage
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical&Biotech
1.3.3 Chemical
1.3.4 Cosmetic
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Development History of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Types
3.2 Production Value of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 KronesAG
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.1.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KronesAG
7.2 GEA
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.2.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GEA
7.3 FBFItalia
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.3.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FBFItalia
7.4 BEEInternational
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.4.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BEEInternational
7.5 Bertoli(InterpumpGroup)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.5.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bertoli(InterpumpGroup)
7.6 SPXFLOW
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.6.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SPXFLOW
7.7 Microfluidics(IDEX)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.7.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Microfluidics(IDEX)
7.8 IKA
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.8.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IKA
7.9 NETZSCH
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.9.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NETZSCH
7.10 FrymaKoruma(ProXES)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.10.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FrymaKoruma(ProXES)
7.11 PSIInstruments
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.11.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PSIInstruments
7.12 PHDTechnology
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.12.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PHDTechnology
7.13 Sonic
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.13.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sonic
7.14 Alitec
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.14.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alitec
7.15 HOMMAKMachine
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Product
7.15.3 High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HOMMAKMachine
7.16 SimesSA
7.17 EKATOHOLDING
7.18 BOSHomogenisers
7.19 HomogenisingSystems(StanstedFluidPower)
7.20 GOMA
7.21 Drawell
7.22 ShanghaiDonghua
7.23 JiangsuXinhengyueGeneralMachineryManufacturing
7.24 ChangzhouShiSuperHomogeneousPump
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
8.1 Industry Chain of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of High Pressure Industrial Homogenizer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL HOMOGENIZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
