High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole North America and Regional Market Size of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America, with company and product introduction, position in the High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp market
Market status and development trend of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by types and applications
Cost and profit status of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp market as:
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
United States
Canada
Mexico
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Gas Discharge Lamp
High-Pressure Gas Discharge Lamp
Electrodeless Discharge Lamp
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Passenger Vehicles
Commercial Vehicles
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Acuity Brands Lighting
Lithonia Lighting
Bulbrite Industries
Contrac Lighting
Crompton Greaves
EYE Lighting International of North America
Feit Electric Company
General Electric Company
Halonix Limited
Havells India Limited
Koninklijke Philips
Larson Electronics
Litetronics International
NVC Lighting Technology Corporation
PIAA Corporation
OSRAM GmbH
Surya Roshni
USHIO America
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp-North America Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole North America and Regional Market Size of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America, with company and product introduction, position in the High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp market
Market status and development trend of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by types and applications
Cost and profit status of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp market as:
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
United States
Canada
Mexico
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Gas Discharge Lamp
High-Pressure Gas Discharge Lamp
Electrodeless Discharge Lamp
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Passenger Vehicles
Commercial Vehicles
North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Acuity Brands Lighting
Lithonia Lighting
Bulbrite Industries
Contrac Lighting
Crompton Greaves
EYE Lighting International of North America
Feit Electric Company
General Electric Company
Halonix Limited
Havells India Limited
Koninklijke Philips
Larson Electronics
Litetronics International
NVC Lighting Technology Corporation
PIAA Corporation
OSRAM GmbH
Surya Roshni
USHIO America
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
1.1 Definition of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
1.2.1 Gas Discharge Lamp
1.2.2 High-Pressure Gas Discharge Lamp
1.2.3 Electrodeless Discharge Lamp
1.3 Downstream Application of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
1.3.1 Passenger Vehicles
1.3.2 Commercial Vehicles
1.4 Development History of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
1.5 Market Status and Trend of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp 2013-2023
1.5.1 North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in United States 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in Canada 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in Mexico 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole North America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Types
3.2 North America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in United States
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Canada
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Mexico
3.3 Market Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Types
CHAPTER 4 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in United States
4.2.2 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in Canada
4.2.3 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in Mexico
4.3 Market Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
5.1 North America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN NORTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Acuity Brands Lighting
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.1.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Acuity Brands Lighting
7.2 Lithonia Lighting
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.2.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lithonia Lighting
7.3 Bulbrite Industries
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.3.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bulbrite Industries
7.4 Contrac Lighting
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.4.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Contrac Lighting
7.5 Crompton Greaves
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.5.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Crompton Greaves
7.6 EYE Lighting International of North America
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.6.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EYE Lighting International of North America
7.7 Feit Electric Company
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.7.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feit Electric Company
7.8 General Electric Company
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.8.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of General Electric Company
7.9 Halonix Limited
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.9.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Halonix Limited
7.10 Havells India Limited
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.10.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Havells India Limited
7.11 Koninklijke Philips
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.11.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Koninklijke Philips
7.12 Larson Electronics
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.12.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Larson Electronics
7.13 Litetronics International
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.13.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Litetronics International
7.14 NVC Lighting Technology Corporation
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.14.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NVC Lighting Technology Corporation
7.15 PIAA Corporation
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.15.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PIAA Corporation
7.16 OSRAM GmbH
7.17 Surya Roshni
7.18 USHIO America
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
8.1 Industry Chain of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
1.2.1 Gas Discharge Lamp
1.2.2 High-Pressure Gas Discharge Lamp
1.2.3 Electrodeless Discharge Lamp
1.3 Downstream Application of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
1.3.1 Passenger Vehicles
1.3.2 Commercial Vehicles
1.4 Development History of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
1.5 Market Status and Trend of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp 2013-2023
1.5.1 North America High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in United States 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in Canada 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in Mexico 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole North America Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Types
3.2 North America Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in United States
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Canada
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Mexico
3.3 Market Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Types
CHAPTER 4 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in United States
4.2.2 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in Canada
4.2.3 Demand Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Downstream Industry in Mexico
4.3 Market Forecast of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
5.1 North America Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN NORTH AMERICA
6.1 Sales Volume of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp in North America by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Acuity Brands Lighting
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.1.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Acuity Brands Lighting
7.2 Lithonia Lighting
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.2.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lithonia Lighting
7.3 Bulbrite Industries
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.3.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bulbrite Industries
7.4 Contrac Lighting
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.4.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Contrac Lighting
7.5 Crompton Greaves
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.5.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Crompton Greaves
7.6 EYE Lighting International of North America
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.6.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EYE Lighting International of North America
7.7 Feit Electric Company
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.7.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feit Electric Company
7.8 General Electric Company
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.8.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of General Electric Company
7.9 Halonix Limited
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.9.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Halonix Limited
7.10 Havells India Limited
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.10.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Havells India Limited
7.11 Koninklijke Philips
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.11.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Koninklijke Philips
7.12 Larson Electronics
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.12.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Larson Electronics
7.13 Litetronics International
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.13.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Litetronics International
7.14 NVC Lighting Technology Corporation
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.14.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NVC Lighting Technology Corporation
7.15 PIAA Corporation
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Product
7.15.3 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PIAA Corporation
7.16 OSRAM GmbH
7.17 Surya Roshni
7.18 USHIO America
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
8.1 Industry Chain of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
