Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine market
Market status and development trend of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine industry.
The report segments the global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine market as:
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
CO2LaserCuttingMachine
YAGLaserCuttingMachine
FiberLaserCuttingMachine
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Furniture
Architecture
Automotive
Other
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Han'sLaser
Gravotech
FarleyLaserlab
TrotecLaser
SuntopLaser
PerfectLaser
GoldenLaser
MetznerMaschinenbau
DragonDiamond
HopetoolCNC
LiSEC
Nice-CutMechanical
LaserPhotonics
TOYOIndustry
AMADAWELDTECH
Laserstar
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine market
Market status and development trend of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine industry.
The report segments the global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine market as:
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
CO2LaserCuttingMachine
YAGLaserCuttingMachine
FiberLaserCuttingMachine
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Furniture
Architecture
Automotive
Other
Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Han'sLaser
Gravotech
FarleyLaserlab
TrotecLaser
SuntopLaser
PerfectLaser
GoldenLaser
MetznerMaschinenbau
DragonDiamond
HopetoolCNC
LiSEC
Nice-CutMechanical
LaserPhotonics
TOYOIndustry
AMADAWELDTECH
Laserstar
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
1.1 Definition of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
1.2.1 CO2LaserCuttingMachine
1.2.2 YAGLaserCuttingMachine
1.2.3 FiberLaserCuttingMachine
1.3 Downstream Application of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
1.3.1 Furniture
1.3.2 Architecture
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Types
3.2 Production Value of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Han'sLaser
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.1.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Han'sLaser
7.2 Gravotech
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.2.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gravotech
7.3 FarleyLaserlab
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.3.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FarleyLaserlab
7.4 TrotecLaser
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.4.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TrotecLaser
7.5 SuntopLaser
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.5.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SuntopLaser
7.6 PerfectLaser
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.6.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PerfectLaser
7.7 GoldenLaser
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.7.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GoldenLaser
7.8 MetznerMaschinenbau
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.8.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MetznerMaschinenbau
7.9 DragonDiamond
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.9.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DragonDiamond
7.10 HopetoolCNC
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.10.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HopetoolCNC
7.11 LiSEC
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.11.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LiSEC
7.12 Nice-CutMechanical
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.12.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nice-CutMechanical
7.13 LaserPhotonics
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.13.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LaserPhotonics
7.14 TOYOIndustry
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.14.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TOYOIndustry
7.15 AMADAWELDTECH
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.15.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AMADAWELDTECH
7.16 Laserstar
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
1.2.1 CO2LaserCuttingMachine
1.2.2 YAGLaserCuttingMachine
1.2.3 FiberLaserCuttingMachine
1.3 Downstream Application of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
1.3.1 Furniture
1.3.2 Architecture
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Types
3.2 Production Value of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Han'sLaser
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.1.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Han'sLaser
7.2 Gravotech
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.2.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gravotech
7.3 FarleyLaserlab
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.3.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FarleyLaserlab
7.4 TrotecLaser
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.4.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TrotecLaser
7.5 SuntopLaser
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.5.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SuntopLaser
7.6 PerfectLaser
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.6.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PerfectLaser
7.7 GoldenLaser
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.7.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GoldenLaser
7.8 MetznerMaschinenbau
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.8.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MetznerMaschinenbau
7.9 DragonDiamond
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.9.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DragonDiamond
7.10 HopetoolCNC
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.10.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HopetoolCNC
7.11 LiSEC
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.11.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LiSEC
7.12 Nice-CutMechanical
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.12.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nice-CutMechanical
7.13 LaserPhotonics
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.13.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LaserPhotonics
7.14 TOYOIndustry
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.14.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TOYOIndustry
7.15 AMADAWELDTECH
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Product
7.15.3 Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AMADAWELDTECH
7.16 Laserstar
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Glass and Ceramic Laser Cutting Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF GLASS AND CERAMIC LASER CUTTING MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
