Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment market
Market status and development trend of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment industry.
The report segments the global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment market as:
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
InkjetPrinters
LaserPrinters
HI-ResolutionPrinters
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
FoodIndustry
BeverageIndustry
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Brother(Domino)
Danaher(Videojet)
Dover(Markem-Imaje)
ITW(Diagraph)
HitachiIndustrialEquipment
IDTechnologyLLC
Han’sLaser
MatthewsMarkingSystems
Trumpf
KGK
Macsa
KBA-Metronic
SquidInk
EC-JET
SUNINE
PaulLeibinger
REAJET
Controlprint
Kinglee
BeijingZhihengda
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment market
Market status and development trend of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment industry.
The report segments the global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment market as:
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
InkjetPrinters
LaserPrinters
HI-ResolutionPrinters
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
FoodIndustry
BeverageIndustry
Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Brother(Domino)
Danaher(Videojet)
Dover(Markem-Imaje)
ITW(Diagraph)
HitachiIndustrialEquipment
IDTechnologyLLC
Han’sLaser
MatthewsMarkingSystems
Trumpf
KGK
Macsa
KBA-Metronic
SquidInk
EC-JET
SUNINE
PaulLeibinger
REAJET
Controlprint
Kinglee
BeijingZhihengda
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
1.1 Definition of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
1.2.1 InkjetPrinters
1.2.2 LaserPrinters
1.2.3 HI-ResolutionPrinters
1.3 Downstream Application of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
1.3.1 FoodIndustry
1.3.2 BeverageIndustry
1.4 Development History of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Types
3.2 Production Value of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Brother(Domino)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.1.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Brother(Domino)
7.2 Danaher(Videojet)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.2.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Danaher(Videojet)
7.3 Dover(Markem-Imaje)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.3.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dover(Markem-Imaje)
7.4 ITW(Diagraph)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.4.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ITW(Diagraph)
7.5 HitachiIndustrialEquipment
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.5.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HitachiIndustrialEquipment
7.6 IDTechnologyLLC
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.6.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IDTechnologyLLC
7.7 Han’sLaser
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.7.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Han’sLaser
7.8 MatthewsMarkingSystems
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.8.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MatthewsMarkingSystems
7.9 Trumpf
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.9.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Trumpf
7.10 KGK
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.10.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KGK
7.11 Macsa
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.11.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Macsa
7.12 KBA-Metronic
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.12.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KBA-Metronic
7.13 SquidInk
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.13.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SquidInk
7.14 EC-JET
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.14.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EC-JET
7.15 SUNINE
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.15.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SUNINE
7.16 PaulLeibinger
7.17 REAJET
7.18 Controlprint
7.19 Kinglee
7.20 BeijingZhihengda
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
8.1 Industry Chain of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
1.2.1 InkjetPrinters
1.2.2 LaserPrinters
1.2.3 HI-ResolutionPrinters
1.3 Downstream Application of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
1.3.1 FoodIndustry
1.3.2 BeverageIndustry
1.4 Development History of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Types
3.2 Production Value of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Brother(Domino)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.1.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Brother(Domino)
7.2 Danaher(Videojet)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.2.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Danaher(Videojet)
7.3 Dover(Markem-Imaje)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.3.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dover(Markem-Imaje)
7.4 ITW(Diagraph)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.4.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ITW(Diagraph)
7.5 HitachiIndustrialEquipment
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.5.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HitachiIndustrialEquipment
7.6 IDTechnologyLLC
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.6.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of IDTechnologyLLC
7.7 Han’sLaser
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.7.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Han’sLaser
7.8 MatthewsMarkingSystems
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.8.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MatthewsMarkingSystems
7.9 Trumpf
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.9.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Trumpf
7.10 KGK
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.10.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KGK
7.11 Macsa
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.11.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Macsa
7.12 KBA-Metronic
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.12.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KBA-Metronic
7.13 SquidInk
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.13.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SquidInk
7.14 EC-JET
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.14.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EC-JET
7.15 SUNINE
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Product
7.15.3 Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SUNINE
7.16 PaulLeibinger
7.17 REAJET
7.18 Controlprint
7.19 Kinglee
7.20 BeijingZhihengda
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
8.1 Industry Chain of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Food and Beverage Coding and Marking Equipment
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CODING AND MARKING EQUIPMENT
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
