Elevator and Moving Stairway-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
Elevator and Moving Stairway-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Elevator and Moving Stairway industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Elevator and Moving Stairway 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Elevator and Moving Stairway worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Elevator and Moving Stairway market
Market status and development trend of Elevator and Moving Stairway by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Elevator and Moving Stairway, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Elevator and Moving Stairway market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Elevator and Moving Stairway industry.
The report segments the global Elevator and Moving Stairway market as:
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
AccessControlSystem
ElevatorControlSystem
SecurityControlSystem
Sensor
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Business
Industrial
Residential
Others
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
OtisElevatorCompany
SchindlerElevatorCorporation
ThyssenkruppNorthAmerica
ThyssenkruppElevatorManufacturing
G.A.L.ManufacturingCorporation
MotionControlEngineering
TimeManufacturingCompany
MinnesotaElevator
InnovationIndustries
GunderlinLtd.
FujitecAmerica
D.A.Matot
BagbyElevatorCompany
InclinatorCompanyofAmerica
ColumbiaElevatorProductsCo.
ResidentialElevators
VersaliftEast
EssickAirProducts
WaupacaElevatorCompany
ElevatorResearch&Mfg.co.
TylerColeEnterprises
CantonElevator
Hollister-WhitneyElevatorCorp.
NationalElevatorCab&DoorCorp.
EMRElevator
HarmarSummit
C.E.C.ElevatorCabCorp.
GeorgiaElevatorCompany
ThyssenkruppElevatorCorporation
Cemcolift
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Elevator and Moving Stairway-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Elevator and Moving Stairway industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Elevator and Moving Stairway 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Elevator and Moving Stairway worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Elevator and Moving Stairway market
Market status and development trend of Elevator and Moving Stairway by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Elevator and Moving Stairway, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Elevator and Moving Stairway market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Elevator and Moving Stairway industry.
The report segments the global Elevator and Moving Stairway market as:
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
AccessControlSystem
ElevatorControlSystem
SecurityControlSystem
Sensor
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Business
Industrial
Residential
Others
Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
OtisElevatorCompany
SchindlerElevatorCorporation
ThyssenkruppNorthAmerica
ThyssenkruppElevatorManufacturing
G.A.L.ManufacturingCorporation
MotionControlEngineering
TimeManufacturingCompany
MinnesotaElevator
InnovationIndustries
GunderlinLtd.
FujitecAmerica
D.A.Matot
BagbyElevatorCompany
InclinatorCompanyofAmerica
ColumbiaElevatorProductsCo.
ResidentialElevators
VersaliftEast
EssickAirProducts
WaupacaElevatorCompany
ElevatorResearch&Mfg.co.
TylerColeEnterprises
CantonElevator
Hollister-WhitneyElevatorCorp.
NationalElevatorCab&DoorCorp.
EMRElevator
HarmarSummit
C.E.C.ElevatorCabCorp.
GeorgiaElevatorCompany
ThyssenkruppElevatorCorporation
Cemcolift
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
1.1 Definition of Elevator and Moving Stairway in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Elevator and Moving Stairway
1.2.1 AccessControlSystem
1.2.2 ElevatorControlSystem
1.2.3 SecurityControlSystem
1.2.4 Sensor
1.3 Downstream Application of Elevator and Moving Stairway
1.3.1 Business
1.3.2 Industrial
1.3.3 Residential
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Elevator and Moving Stairway
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Elevator and Moving Stairway 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Elevator and Moving Stairway Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Elevator and Moving Stairway 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Types
3.2 Production Value of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Elevator and Moving Stairway Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Elevator and Moving Stairway Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Elevator and Moving Stairway Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 OtisElevatorCompany
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.1.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OtisElevatorCompany
7.2 SchindlerElevatorCorporation
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.2.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SchindlerElevatorCorporation
7.3 ThyssenkruppNorthAmerica
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.3.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ThyssenkruppNorthAmerica
7.4 ThyssenkruppElevatorManufacturing
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.4.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ThyssenkruppElevatorManufacturing
7.5 G.A.L.ManufacturingCorporation
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.5.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of G.A.L.ManufacturingCorporation
7.6 MotionControlEngineering
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.6.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MotionControlEngineering
7.7 TimeManufacturingCompany
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.7.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TimeManufacturingCompany
7.8 MinnesotaElevator
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.8.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MinnesotaElevator
7.9 InnovationIndustries
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.9.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of InnovationIndustries
7.10 GunderlinLtd.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.10.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GunderlinLtd.
7.11 FujitecAmerica
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.11.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FujitecAmerica
7.12 D.A.Matot
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.12.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of D.A.Matot
7.13 BagbyElevatorCompany
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.13.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BagbyElevatorCompany
7.14 InclinatorCompanyofAmerica
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.14.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of InclinatorCompanyofAmerica
7.15 ColumbiaElevatorProductsCo.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.15.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ColumbiaElevatorProductsCo.
7.16 ResidentialElevators
7.17 VersaliftEast
7.18 EssickAirProducts
7.19 WaupacaElevatorCompany
7.20 ElevatorResearch&Mfg.co.
7.21 TylerColeEnterprises
7.22 CantonElevator
7.23 Hollister-WhitneyElevatorCorp.
7.24 NationalElevatorCab&DoorCorp.
7.25 EMRElevator
7.26 HarmarSummit
7.27 C.E.C.ElevatorCabCorp.
7.28 GeorgiaElevatorCompany
7.29 ThyssenkruppElevatorCorporation
7.30 Cemcolift
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
8.1 Industry Chain of Elevator and Moving Stairway
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Elevator and Moving Stairway in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Elevator and Moving Stairway
1.2.1 AccessControlSystem
1.2.2 ElevatorControlSystem
1.2.3 SecurityControlSystem
1.2.4 Sensor
1.3 Downstream Application of Elevator and Moving Stairway
1.3.1 Business
1.3.2 Industrial
1.3.3 Residential
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Elevator and Moving Stairway
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Elevator and Moving Stairway 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Elevator and Moving Stairway Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Elevator and Moving Stairway Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Elevator and Moving Stairway 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Types
3.2 Production Value of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Elevator and Moving Stairway Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Elevator and Moving Stairway by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Elevator and Moving Stairway Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Elevator and Moving Stairway Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 OtisElevatorCompany
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.1.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OtisElevatorCompany
7.2 SchindlerElevatorCorporation
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.2.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SchindlerElevatorCorporation
7.3 ThyssenkruppNorthAmerica
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.3.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ThyssenkruppNorthAmerica
7.4 ThyssenkruppElevatorManufacturing
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.4.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ThyssenkruppElevatorManufacturing
7.5 G.A.L.ManufacturingCorporation
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.5.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of G.A.L.ManufacturingCorporation
7.6 MotionControlEngineering
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.6.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MotionControlEngineering
7.7 TimeManufacturingCompany
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.7.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TimeManufacturingCompany
7.8 MinnesotaElevator
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.8.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MinnesotaElevator
7.9 InnovationIndustries
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.9.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of InnovationIndustries
7.10 GunderlinLtd.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.10.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GunderlinLtd.
7.11 FujitecAmerica
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.11.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FujitecAmerica
7.12 D.A.Matot
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.12.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of D.A.Matot
7.13 BagbyElevatorCompany
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.13.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BagbyElevatorCompany
7.14 InclinatorCompanyofAmerica
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.14.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of InclinatorCompanyofAmerica
7.15 ColumbiaElevatorProductsCo.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Elevator and Moving Stairway Product
7.15.3 Elevator and Moving Stairway Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ColumbiaElevatorProductsCo.
7.16 ResidentialElevators
7.17 VersaliftEast
7.18 EssickAirProducts
7.19 WaupacaElevatorCompany
7.20 ElevatorResearch&Mfg.co.
7.21 TylerColeEnterprises
7.22 CantonElevator
7.23 Hollister-WhitneyElevatorCorp.
7.24 NationalElevatorCab&DoorCorp.
7.25 EMRElevator
7.26 HarmarSummit
7.27 C.E.C.ElevatorCabCorp.
7.28 GeorgiaElevatorCompany
7.29 ThyssenkruppElevatorCorporation
7.30 Cemcolift
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
8.1 Industry Chain of Elevator and Moving Stairway
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Elevator and Moving Stairway
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ELEVATOR AND MOVING STAIRWAY
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
