Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems market
Market status and development trend of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems market as:
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Vehicle Automatic Understanding System
Short Range Communication
Global Position Finding Satellite System
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Highway
Community
Campus
Other
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Atlantia SpA (Italy)
Cubic Corporation (USA)
DENSO CORPORATION (Japan)
EFKON AG (Austria)
Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co. (FETC) (Taiwan)
G.E.A. (France)
GeoToll (USA)
International Road Dynamics, Inc
Kapsch TrafficCom AG (Austria)
Neology
Perceptics LLC (USA)
Q-FREE ASA (Norway)
Raytheon Company (USA)
Sanef (France)
Siemens AG (Germany)
Star Systems International Limited (Hong Kong)
Thales Group
Revenue Markets Inc. (TRMI) (USA)
Toll Collect GmbH (Germany)
TransCore Holdings, Inc (USA)
Xerox Corporation (USA)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems market
Market status and development trend of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems market as:
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Vehicle Automatic Understanding System
Short Range Communication
Global Position Finding Satellite System
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Highway
Community
Campus
Other
Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Atlantia SpA (Italy)
Cubic Corporation (USA)
DENSO CORPORATION (Japan)
EFKON AG (Austria)
Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co. (FETC) (Taiwan)
G.E.A. (France)
GeoToll (USA)
International Road Dynamics, Inc
Kapsch TrafficCom AG (Austria)
Neology
Perceptics LLC (USA)
Q-FREE ASA (Norway)
Raytheon Company (USA)
Sanef (France)
Siemens AG (Germany)
Star Systems International Limited (Hong Kong)
Thales Group
Revenue Markets Inc. (TRMI) (USA)
Toll Collect GmbH (Germany)
TransCore Holdings, Inc (USA)
Xerox Corporation (USA)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
1.1 Definition of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
1.2.1 Vehicle Automatic Understanding System
1.2.2 Short Range Communication
1.2.3 Global Position Finding Satellite System
1.3 Downstream Application of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
1.3.1 Highway
1.3.2 Community
1.3.3 Campus
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems 2013-2017
2.2 Production Market of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions 2013-2017
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions 2013-2017
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Types
3.2 Production Value of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Atlantia SpA (Italy)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.1.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Atlantia SpA (Italy)
7.2 Cubic Corporation (USA)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.2.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cubic Corporation (USA)
7.3 DENSO CORPORATION (Japan)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.3.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DENSO CORPORATION (Japan)
7.4 EFKON AG (Austria)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.4.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EFKON AG (Austria)
7.5 Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co. (FETC) (Taiwan)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.5.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co. (FETC) (Taiwan)
7.6 G.E.A. (France)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.6.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of G.E.A. (France)
7.7 GeoToll (USA)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.7.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GeoToll (USA)
7.8 International Road Dynamics, Inc
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.8.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of International Road Dynamics, Inc
7.9 Kapsch TrafficCom AG (Austria)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.9.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kapsch TrafficCom AG (Austria)
7.10 Neology
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.10.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Neology
7.11 Perceptics LLC (USA)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.11.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Perceptics LLC (USA)
7.12 Q-FREE ASA (Norway)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.12.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Q-FREE ASA (Norway)
7.13 Raytheon Company (USA)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.13.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Raytheon Company (USA)
7.14 Sanef (France)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.14.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sanef (France)
7.15 Siemens AG (Germany)
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.15.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens AG (Germany)
7.16 Star Systems International Limited (Hong Kong)
7.17 Thales Group
7.18 Revenue Markets Inc. (TRMI) (USA)
7.19 Toll Collect GmbH (Germany)
7.20 TransCore Holdings, Inc (USA)
7.21 Xerox Corporation (USA)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
8.1 Industry Chain of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
1.2.1 Vehicle Automatic Understanding System
1.2.2 Short Range Communication
1.2.3 Global Position Finding Satellite System
1.3 Downstream Application of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
1.3.1 Highway
1.3.2 Community
1.3.3 Campus
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems 2013-2017
2.2 Production Market of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions 2013-2017
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Regions 2013-2017
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Types
3.2 Production Value of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Atlantia SpA (Italy)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.1.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Atlantia SpA (Italy)
7.2 Cubic Corporation (USA)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.2.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cubic Corporation (USA)
7.3 DENSO CORPORATION (Japan)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.3.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DENSO CORPORATION (Japan)
7.4 EFKON AG (Austria)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.4.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EFKON AG (Austria)
7.5 Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co. (FETC) (Taiwan)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.5.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Far Eastern Electronic Toll Collection Co. (FETC) (Taiwan)
7.6 G.E.A. (France)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.6.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of G.E.A. (France)
7.7 GeoToll (USA)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.7.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GeoToll (USA)
7.8 International Road Dynamics, Inc
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.8.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of International Road Dynamics, Inc
7.9 Kapsch TrafficCom AG (Austria)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.9.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kapsch TrafficCom AG (Austria)
7.10 Neology
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.10.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Neology
7.11 Perceptics LLC (USA)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.11.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Perceptics LLC (USA)
7.12 Q-FREE ASA (Norway)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.12.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Q-FREE ASA (Norway)
7.13 Raytheon Company (USA)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.13.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Raytheon Company (USA)
7.14 Sanef (France)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.14.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sanef (France)
7.15 Siemens AG (Germany)
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Product
7.15.3 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens AG (Germany)
7.16 Star Systems International Limited (Hong Kong)
7.17 Thales Group
7.18 Revenue Markets Inc. (TRMI) (USA)
7.19 Toll Collect GmbH (Germany)
7.20 TransCore Holdings, Inc (USA)
7.21 Xerox Corporation (USA)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
8.1 Industry Chain of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) Systems
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC) SYSTEMS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
