Electric Corkscrew-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Electric Corkscrew-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Electric Corkscrew industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Electric Corkscrew 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Electric Corkscrew worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Electric Corkscrew market
Market status and development trend of Electric Corkscrew by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Electric Corkscrew, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Electric Corkscrew market as:
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Stainless Steel
Plastic
Others
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Wine bottles
Beer bottles
Other bottles
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Electric Corkscrew Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Kalorik
Oster
Metrokane
Cuisinart
Ozeri
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Electric Corkscrew-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Electric Corkscrew industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Electric Corkscrew 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Electric Corkscrew worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Electric Corkscrew market
Market status and development trend of Electric Corkscrew by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Electric Corkscrew, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Electric Corkscrew market as:
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Stainless Steel
Plastic
Others
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Wine bottles
Beer bottles
Other bottles
Global Electric Corkscrew Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Electric Corkscrew Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Kalorik
Oster
Metrokane
Cuisinart
Ozeri
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
1.1 Definition of Electric Corkscrew in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Electric Corkscrew
1.2.1 Stainless Steel
1.2.2 Plastic
1.2.3 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Electric Corkscrew
1.3.1 Wine bottles
1.3.2 Beer bottles
1.3.3 Other bottles
1.4 Development History of Electric Corkscrew
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Electric Corkscrew 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Electric Corkscrew Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Electric Corkscrew Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Electric Corkscrew 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Electric Corkscrew by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Electric Corkscrew Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 ELECTRIC CORKSCREW MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Electric Corkscrew by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Electric Corkscrew by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Electric Corkscrew Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Electric Corkscrew Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 ELECTRIC CORKSCREW MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Kalorik
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.1.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kalorik
12.2 Oster
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.2.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oster
12.3 Metrokane
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.3.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Metrokane
12.4 Cuisinart
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.4.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cuisinart
12.5 Ozeri
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.5.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ozeri
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
13.1 Industry Chain of Electric Corkscrew
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Electric Corkscrew in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Electric Corkscrew
1.2.1 Stainless Steel
1.2.2 Plastic
1.2.3 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Electric Corkscrew
1.3.1 Wine bottles
1.3.2 Beer bottles
1.3.3 Other bottles
1.4 Development History of Electric Corkscrew
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Electric Corkscrew 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Electric Corkscrew Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Electric Corkscrew Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Electric Corkscrew 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Electric Corkscrew by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Electric Corkscrew by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Electric Corkscrew by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Electric Corkscrew Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Electric Corkscrew Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 ELECTRIC CORKSCREW MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Electric Corkscrew by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Electric Corkscrew by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Electric Corkscrew by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Electric Corkscrew Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Electric Corkscrew Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 ELECTRIC CORKSCREW MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Kalorik
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.1.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kalorik
12.2 Oster
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.2.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oster
12.3 Metrokane
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.3.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Metrokane
12.4 Cuisinart
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.4.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cuisinart
12.5 Ozeri
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Electric Corkscrew Product
12.5.3 Electric Corkscrew Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ozeri
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
13.1 Industry Chain of Electric Corkscrew
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CORKSCREW
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Electric Corkscrew
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
