Eco-Friendly Tiles-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Eco-Friendly Tiles-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Eco-Friendly Tiles industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Eco-Friendly Tiles 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Eco-Friendly Tiles market
Market status and development trend of Eco-Friendly Tiles by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Eco-Friendly Tiles, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles market as:
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Ceramic
Travertine
Porcelain
Terrazzo
Glass
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Residential
Non-residential
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Ann sacks Tile & Stone Inc.
Arizona Tile
Villagio Tile & Stone
Bedrosians Tile & Stone
Dal-Tile Corporation
Marazzi Group S.r.l
Enviroglas
Crossville Inc.
Wausau Tile, Inc.
Terra Green Ceramics Inc
Ceramiche Refin S.P.A.
Johnson Tiles
Centura
Division Iris Ceramica
Vitromex
Florim Ceramiche S.P.A
EMILCERAMICA Srl
Del Conca USA
Nemo Tile Company Inc.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Eco-Friendly Tiles-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Eco-Friendly Tiles industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Eco-Friendly Tiles 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Eco-Friendly Tiles market
Market status and development trend of Eco-Friendly Tiles by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Eco-Friendly Tiles, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles market as:
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Ceramic
Travertine
Porcelain
Terrazzo
Glass
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Residential
Non-residential
Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Ann sacks Tile & Stone Inc.
Arizona Tile
Villagio Tile & Stone
Bedrosians Tile & Stone
Dal-Tile Corporation
Marazzi Group S.r.l
Enviroglas
Crossville Inc.
Wausau Tile, Inc.
Terra Green Ceramics Inc
Ceramiche Refin S.P.A.
Johnson Tiles
Centura
Division Iris Ceramica
Vitromex
Florim Ceramiche S.P.A
EMILCERAMICA Srl
Del Conca USA
Nemo Tile Company Inc.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
1.1 Definition of Eco-Friendly Tiles in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Eco-Friendly Tiles
1.2.1 Ceramic
1.2.2 Travertine
1.2.3 Porcelain
1.2.4 Terrazzo
1.2.5 Glass
1.3 Downstream Application of Eco-Friendly Tiles
1.3.1 Residential
1.3.2 Non-residential
1.4 Development History of Eco-Friendly Tiles
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Eco-Friendly Tiles 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Eco-Friendly Tiles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Eco-Friendly Tiles Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ECO-FRIENDLY TILES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Eco-Friendly Tiles Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Eco-Friendly Tiles Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ECO-FRIENDLY TILES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Ann sacks Tile & Stone Inc.
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.1.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ann sacks Tile & Stone Inc.
7.2 Arizona Tile
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.2.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arizona Tile
7.3 Villagio Tile & Stone
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.3.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Villagio Tile & Stone
7.4 Bedrosians Tile & Stone
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.4.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bedrosians Tile & Stone
7.5 Dal-Tile Corporation
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.5.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dal-Tile Corporation
7.6 Marazzi Group S.r.l
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.6.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Marazzi Group S.r.l
7.7 Enviroglas
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.7.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Enviroglas
7.8 Crossville Inc.
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.8.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Crossville Inc.
7.9 Wausau Tile, Inc.
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.9.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wausau Tile, Inc.
7.10 Terra Green Ceramics Inc
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.10.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Terra Green Ceramics Inc
7.11 Ceramiche Refin S.P.A.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.11.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ceramiche Refin S.P.A.
7.12 Johnson Tiles
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.12.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Johnson Tiles
7.13 Centura
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.13.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Centura
7.14 Division Iris Ceramica
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.14.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Division Iris Ceramica
7.15 Vitromex
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.15.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Vitromex
7.16 Florim Ceramiche S.P.A
7.17 EMILCERAMICA Srl
7.18 Del Conca USA
7.19 Nemo Tile Company Inc.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
8.1 Industry Chain of Eco-Friendly Tiles
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Eco-Friendly Tiles in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Eco-Friendly Tiles
1.2.1 Ceramic
1.2.2 Travertine
1.2.3 Porcelain
1.2.4 Terrazzo
1.2.5 Glass
1.3 Downstream Application of Eco-Friendly Tiles
1.3.1 Residential
1.3.2 Non-residential
1.4 Development History of Eco-Friendly Tiles
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Eco-Friendly Tiles 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Eco-Friendly Tiles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Eco-Friendly Tiles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Eco-Friendly Tiles Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ECO-FRIENDLY TILES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Eco-Friendly Tiles in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Eco-Friendly Tiles by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Eco-Friendly Tiles Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Eco-Friendly Tiles Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ECO-FRIENDLY TILES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Ann sacks Tile & Stone Inc.
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.1.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ann sacks Tile & Stone Inc.
7.2 Arizona Tile
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.2.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arizona Tile
7.3 Villagio Tile & Stone
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.3.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Villagio Tile & Stone
7.4 Bedrosians Tile & Stone
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.4.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bedrosians Tile & Stone
7.5 Dal-Tile Corporation
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.5.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dal-Tile Corporation
7.6 Marazzi Group S.r.l
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.6.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Marazzi Group S.r.l
7.7 Enviroglas
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.7.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Enviroglas
7.8 Crossville Inc.
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.8.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Crossville Inc.
7.9 Wausau Tile, Inc.
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.9.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wausau Tile, Inc.
7.10 Terra Green Ceramics Inc
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.10.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Terra Green Ceramics Inc
7.11 Ceramiche Refin S.P.A.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.11.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ceramiche Refin S.P.A.
7.12 Johnson Tiles
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.12.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Johnson Tiles
7.13 Centura
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.13.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Centura
7.14 Division Iris Ceramica
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.14.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Division Iris Ceramica
7.15 Vitromex
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Eco-Friendly Tiles Product
7.15.3 Eco-Friendly Tiles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Vitromex
7.16 Florim Ceramiche S.P.A
7.17 EMILCERAMICA Srl
7.18 Del Conca USA
7.19 Nemo Tile Company Inc.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
8.1 Industry Chain of Eco-Friendly Tiles
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Eco-Friendly Tiles
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ECO-FRIENDLY TILES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
