Dynamograph-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Dynamograph-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Dynamograph industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Dynamograph 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Dynamograph worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Dynamograph market
Market status and development trend of Dynamograph by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Dynamograph, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Dynamograph market as:
Global Dynamograph Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Dynamograph Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Unadjustable
Adjustable
Global Dynamograph Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Fitness
Instruments Exercise
Other
Global Dynamograph Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Dynamograph Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Gripmaster
Prohands
Malltop
Go Grip Pro
ACF
FINGER MASTER
Sidewinder
Kootek
Synergee
Luxon
Dongji
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Dynamograph-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Dynamograph industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Dynamograph 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Dynamograph worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Dynamograph market
Market status and development trend of Dynamograph by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Dynamograph, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Dynamograph market as:
Global Dynamograph Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Dynamograph Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Unadjustable
Adjustable
Global Dynamograph Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Fitness
Instruments Exercise
Other
Global Dynamograph Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Dynamograph Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Gripmaster
Prohands
Malltop
Go Grip Pro
ACF
FINGER MASTER
Sidewinder
Kootek
Synergee
Luxon
Dongji
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF DYNAMOGRAPH
1.1 Definition of Dynamograph in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Dynamograph
1.2.1 Unadjustable
1.2.2 Adjustable
1.3 Downstream Application of Dynamograph
1.3.1 Fitness
1.3.2 Instruments Exercise
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Dynamograph
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Dynamograph 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Dynamograph Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Dynamograph Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Dynamograph 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Dynamograph by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Dynamograph by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Dynamograph by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Dynamograph by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Dynamograph 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Dynamograph 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Dynamograph by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Dynamograph by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Dynamograph by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Dynamograph by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Dynamograph by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Dynamograph by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DYNAMOGRAPH
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Dynamograph Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 DYNAMOGRAPH MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Dynamograph by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Dynamograph by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Dynamograph by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Dynamograph Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Dynamograph Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 DYNAMOGRAPH MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Gripmaster
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.1.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gripmaster
12.2 Prohands
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.2.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Prohands
12.3 Malltop
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.3.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Malltop
12.4 Go Grip Pro
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.4.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Go Grip Pro
12.5 ACF
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.5.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ACF
12.6 FINGER MASTER
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.6.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FINGER MASTER
12.7 Sidewinder
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.7.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sidewinder
12.8 Kootek
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.8.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kootek
12.9 Synergee
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.9.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Synergee
12.10 Luxon
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.10.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Luxon
12.11 Dongji
12.11.1 Company profile
12.11.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.11.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dongji
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DYNAMOGRAPH
13.1 Industry Chain of Dynamograph
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DYNAMOGRAPH
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Dynamograph
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Dynamograph
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Dynamograph
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Dynamograph
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Dynamograph in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Dynamograph
1.2.1 Unadjustable
1.2.2 Adjustable
1.3 Downstream Application of Dynamograph
1.3.1 Fitness
1.3.2 Instruments Exercise
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Dynamograph
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Dynamograph 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Dynamograph Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Dynamograph Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Dynamograph 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Dynamograph by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Dynamograph by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Dynamograph by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Dynamograph by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Dynamograph 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Dynamograph 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Dynamograph by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Dynamograph by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Dynamograph by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Dynamograph by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Dynamograph by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Dynamograph by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Dynamograph Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Dynamograph Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DYNAMOGRAPH
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Dynamograph Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 DYNAMOGRAPH MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Dynamograph by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Dynamograph by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Dynamograph by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Dynamograph Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Dynamograph Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 DYNAMOGRAPH MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Gripmaster
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.1.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gripmaster
12.2 Prohands
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.2.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Prohands
12.3 Malltop
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.3.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Malltop
12.4 Go Grip Pro
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.4.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Go Grip Pro
12.5 ACF
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.5.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ACF
12.6 FINGER MASTER
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.6.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FINGER MASTER
12.7 Sidewinder
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.7.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sidewinder
12.8 Kootek
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.8.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kootek
12.9 Synergee
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.9.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Synergee
12.10 Luxon
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.10.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Luxon
12.11 Dongji
12.11.1 Company profile
12.11.2 Representative Dynamograph Product
12.11.3 Dynamograph Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dongji
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DYNAMOGRAPH
13.1 Industry Chain of Dynamograph
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DYNAMOGRAPH
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Dynamograph
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Dynamograph
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Dynamograph
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Dynamograph
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
