Capacitor Switches-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Capacitor Switches-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Capacitor Switches industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Capacitor Switches 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Capacitor Switches worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Capacitor Switches market
Market status and development trend of Capacitor Switches by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Capacitor Switches, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Capacitor Switches market as:
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023)
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Single Point Switch
Double Point Switch
Three Point Switch
Four Point Switch
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Oil and Gas
Chemical Industry
Electricity
Metallurgy
Mechanical
Power Industry
Other
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Capacitor Switches Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Cooper Industries
Trinetics HPS
ABB
S&C Electric
ELMARK
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Capacitor Switches-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Capacitor Switches industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Capacitor Switches 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Capacitor Switches worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Capacitor Switches market
Market status and development trend of Capacitor Switches by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Capacitor Switches, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Capacitor Switches market as:
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023)
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Single Point Switch
Double Point Switch
Three Point Switch
Four Point Switch
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Oil and Gas
Chemical Industry
Electricity
Metallurgy
Mechanical
Power Industry
Other
Global Capacitor Switches Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Capacitor Switches Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Cooper Industries
Trinetics HPS
ABB
S&C Electric
ELMARK
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
1.1 Definition of Capacitor Switches in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Capacitor Switches
1.2.1 Single Point Switch
1.2.2 Double Point Switch
1.2.3 Three Point Switch
1.2.4 Four Point Switch
1.3 Downstream Application of Capacitor Switches
1.3.1 Oil and Gas
1.3.2 Chemical Industry
1.3.3 Electricity
1.3.4 Metallurgy
1.3.5 Mechanical
1.3.6 Power Industry
1.3.7 Other
1.4 Development History of Capacitor Switches
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Capacitor Switches 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Capacitor Switches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Capacitor Switches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Capacitor Switches 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Capacitor Switches by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Capacitor Switches by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Capacitor Switches by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Capacitor Switches Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 CAPACITOR SWITCHES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Capacitor Switches by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Capacitor Switches by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Capacitor Switches by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Capacitor Switches Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Capacitor Switches Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 CAPACITOR SWITCHES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Cooper Industries
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.1.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cooper Industries
12.2 Trinetics HPS
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.2.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Trinetics HPS
12.3 ABB
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.3.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB
12.4 S&C Electric
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.4.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of S&C Electric
12.5 ELMARK
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.5.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ELMARK
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
13.1 Industry Chain of Capacitor Switches
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Capacitor Switches
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Capacitor Switches
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Capacitor Switches
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Capacitor Switches
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Capacitor Switches in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Capacitor Switches
1.2.1 Single Point Switch
1.2.2 Double Point Switch
1.2.3 Three Point Switch
1.2.4 Four Point Switch
1.3 Downstream Application of Capacitor Switches
1.3.1 Oil and Gas
1.3.2 Chemical Industry
1.3.3 Electricity
1.3.4 Metallurgy
1.3.5 Mechanical
1.3.6 Power Industry
1.3.7 Other
1.4 Development History of Capacitor Switches
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Capacitor Switches 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Capacitor Switches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Capacitor Switches Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Capacitor Switches 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Capacitor Switches by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Capacitor Switches by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Capacitor Switches by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Capacitor Switches by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Capacitor Switches by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Capacitor Switches Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Capacitor Switches Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 CAPACITOR SWITCHES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Capacitor Switches by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Capacitor Switches by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Capacitor Switches by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Capacitor Switches Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Capacitor Switches Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 CAPACITOR SWITCHES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Cooper Industries
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.1.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cooper Industries
12.2 Trinetics HPS
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.2.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Trinetics HPS
12.3 ABB
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.3.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB
12.4 S&C Electric
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.4.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of S&C Electric
12.5 ELMARK
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Capacitor Switches Product
12.5.3 Capacitor Switches Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ELMARK
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
13.1 Industry Chain of Capacitor Switches
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR SWITCHES
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Capacitor Switches
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Capacitor Switches
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Capacitor Switches
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Capacitor Switches
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
