Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine market
Market status and development trend of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine industry.
The report segments the global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine market as:
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
Online
Offline
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
PCB
CHIPComponents
Others
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Omron
Viscom
CyberOpticsCorporation
Nordson
SakiCorp
GOEPELElectronicGmbH
Orbotech
Camtek
Zhenhuaxing
SCREENGraphicandPrecisionSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
AOISystemsLtd
Mirtec
ShenzhenLeadaoi
ShenzhenMagicRay
GuangzhouMakerRay
Jutze
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine market
Market status and development trend of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine industry.
The report segments the global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine market as:
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
Online
Offline
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
PCB
CHIPComponents
Others
Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Omron
Viscom
CyberOpticsCorporation
Nordson
SakiCorp
GOEPELElectronicGmbH
Orbotech
Camtek
Zhenhuaxing
SCREENGraphicandPrecisionSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
AOISystemsLtd
Mirtec
ShenzhenLeadaoi
ShenzhenMagicRay
GuangzhouMakerRay
Jutze
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
1.1 Definition of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
1.2.1 Online
1.2.2 Offline
1.3 Downstream Application of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
1.3.1 PCB
1.3.2 CHIPComponents
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Types
3.2 Production Value of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Omron
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.1.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Omron
7.2 Viscom
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.2.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Viscom
7.3 CyberOpticsCorporation
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.3.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CyberOpticsCorporation
7.4 Nordson
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.4.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nordson
7.5 SakiCorp
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.5.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SakiCorp
7.6 GOEPELElectronicGmbH
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.6.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GOEPELElectronicGmbH
7.7 Orbotech
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.7.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Orbotech
7.8 Camtek
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.8.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Camtek
7.9 Zhenhuaxing
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.9.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zhenhuaxing
7.10 SCREENGraphicandPrecisionSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.10.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SCREENGraphicandPrecisionSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
7.11 AOISystemsLtd
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.11.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AOISystemsLtd
7.12 Mirtec
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.12.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mirtec
7.13 ShenzhenLeadaoi
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.13.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ShenzhenLeadaoi
7.14 ShenzhenMagicRay
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.14.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ShenzhenMagicRay
7.15 GuangzhouMakerRay
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.15.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GuangzhouMakerRay
7.16 Jutze
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
1.2.1 Online
1.2.2 Offline
1.3 Downstream Application of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
1.3.1 PCB
1.3.2 CHIPComponents
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Types
3.2 Production Value of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Omron
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.1.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Omron
7.2 Viscom
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.2.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Viscom
7.3 CyberOpticsCorporation
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.3.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CyberOpticsCorporation
7.4 Nordson
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.4.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nordson
7.5 SakiCorp
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.5.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SakiCorp
7.6 GOEPELElectronicGmbH
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.6.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GOEPELElectronicGmbH
7.7 Orbotech
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.7.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Orbotech
7.8 Camtek
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.8.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Camtek
7.9 Zhenhuaxing
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.9.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zhenhuaxing
7.10 SCREENGraphicandPrecisionSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.10.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SCREENGraphicandPrecisionSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
7.11 AOISystemsLtd
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.11.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AOISystemsLtd
7.12 Mirtec
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.12.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mirtec
7.13 ShenzhenLeadaoi
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.13.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ShenzhenLeadaoi
7.14 ShenzhenMagicRay
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.14.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ShenzhenMagicRay
7.15 GuangzhouMakerRay
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Product
7.15.3 Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GuangzhouMakerRay
7.16 Jutze
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
8.1 Industry Chain of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) Machine
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION (AOI) MACHINE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
