Automatic Braiding Machines-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Automatic Braiding Machines-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automatic Braiding Machines industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Automatic Braiding Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Automatic Braiding Machines market
Market status and development trend of Automatic Braiding Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automatic Braiding Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Automatic Braiding Machines market as:
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Horn Gear Braider
Square Braider
Wardwell Rapid Braider
Track and Column Braider
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Textile Factory
Cloth Factory
Residential
Others
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automatic Braiding Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Herzog
Cobra Braids
Airbus
NIEHOFF Schwabach.
Spirka Schnellflechter Gmbh
OMA
Mayer Industries Inc
L & P Machine Co
Steeger USA
Knitting Machinery Corp
Atlanta Attachment Co Inc
Lamb Knitting Machine Corp
BeA Fasteners USA Inc
Tompkins USA
Wardwell Braiding Machine Co
Gladding Braided Products Inc
Windmill Associates Inc
Gauder Group Inc (GGI)
Braiding Machinery
Kinney Industries Inc
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Automatic Braiding Machines-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automatic Braiding Machines industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Automatic Braiding Machines 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Automatic Braiding Machines market
Market status and development trend of Automatic Braiding Machines by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automatic Braiding Machines, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Automatic Braiding Machines market as:
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Horn Gear Braider
Square Braider
Wardwell Rapid Braider
Track and Column Braider
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Textile Factory
Cloth Factory
Residential
Others
Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automatic Braiding Machines Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Herzog
Cobra Braids
Airbus
NIEHOFF Schwabach.
Spirka Schnellflechter Gmbh
OMA
Mayer Industries Inc
L & P Machine Co
Steeger USA
Knitting Machinery Corp
Atlanta Attachment Co Inc
Lamb Knitting Machine Corp
BeA Fasteners USA Inc
Tompkins USA
Wardwell Braiding Machine Co
Gladding Braided Products Inc
Windmill Associates Inc
Gauder Group Inc (GGI)
Braiding Machinery
Kinney Industries Inc
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
1.1 Definition of Automatic Braiding Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automatic Braiding Machines
1.2.1 Horn Gear Braider
1.2.2 Square Braider
1.2.3 Wardwell Rapid Braider
1.2.4 Track and Column Braider
1.3 Downstream Application of Automatic Braiding Machines
1.3.1 Textile Factory
1.3.2 Cloth Factory
1.3.3 Residential
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Automatic Braiding Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automatic Braiding Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Automatic Braiding Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Automatic Braiding Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Automatic Braiding Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automatic Braiding Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automatic Braiding Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Herzog
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.1.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Herzog
7.2 Cobra Braids
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.2.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cobra Braids
7.3 Airbus
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.3.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Airbus
7.4 NIEHOFF Schwabach.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.4.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NIEHOFF Schwabach.
7.5 Spirka Schnellflechter Gmbh
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.5.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Spirka Schnellflechter Gmbh
7.6 OMA
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.6.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OMA
7.7 Mayer Industries Inc
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.7.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mayer Industries Inc
7.8 L & P Machine Co
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.8.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of L & P Machine Co
7.9 Steeger USA
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.9.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Steeger USA
7.10 Knitting Machinery Corp
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.10.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Knitting Machinery Corp
7.11 Atlanta Attachment Co Inc
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.11.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Atlanta Attachment Co Inc
7.12 Lamb Knitting Machine Corp
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.12.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lamb Knitting Machine Corp
7.13 BeA Fasteners USA Inc
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.13.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BeA Fasteners USA Inc
7.14 Tompkins USA
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.14.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tompkins USA
7.15 Wardwell Braiding Machine Co
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.15.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wardwell Braiding Machine Co
7.16 Gladding Braided Products Inc
7.17 Windmill Associates Inc
7.18 Gauder Group Inc (GGI)
7.19 Braiding Machinery
7.20 Kinney Industries Inc
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Automatic Braiding Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Automatic Braiding Machines in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automatic Braiding Machines
1.2.1 Horn Gear Braider
1.2.2 Square Braider
1.2.3 Wardwell Rapid Braider
1.2.4 Track and Column Braider
1.3 Downstream Application of Automatic Braiding Machines
1.3.1 Textile Factory
1.3.2 Cloth Factory
1.3.3 Residential
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Automatic Braiding Machines
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automatic Braiding Machines 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Automatic Braiding Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Automatic Braiding Machines Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Automatic Braiding Machines Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Automatic Braiding Machines in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Automatic Braiding Machines by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automatic Braiding Machines Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automatic Braiding Machines Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Herzog
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.1.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Herzog
7.2 Cobra Braids
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.2.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cobra Braids
7.3 Airbus
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.3.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Airbus
7.4 NIEHOFF Schwabach.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.4.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NIEHOFF Schwabach.
7.5 Spirka Schnellflechter Gmbh
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.5.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Spirka Schnellflechter Gmbh
7.6 OMA
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.6.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OMA
7.7 Mayer Industries Inc
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.7.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mayer Industries Inc
7.8 L & P Machine Co
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.8.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of L & P Machine Co
7.9 Steeger USA
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.9.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Steeger USA
7.10 Knitting Machinery Corp
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.10.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Knitting Machinery Corp
7.11 Atlanta Attachment Co Inc
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.11.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Atlanta Attachment Co Inc
7.12 Lamb Knitting Machine Corp
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.12.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lamb Knitting Machine Corp
7.13 BeA Fasteners USA Inc
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.13.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BeA Fasteners USA Inc
7.14 Tompkins USA
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.14.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tompkins USA
7.15 Wardwell Braiding Machine Co
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Automatic Braiding Machines Product
7.15.3 Automatic Braiding Machines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wardwell Braiding Machine Co
7.16 Gladding Braided Products Inc
7.17 Windmill Associates Inc
7.18 Gauder Group Inc (GGI)
7.19 Braiding Machinery
7.20 Kinney Industries Inc
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
8.1 Industry Chain of Automatic Braiding Machines
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automatic Braiding Machines
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC BRAIDING MACHINES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
