Automated Plate Handler-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Automated Plate Handler-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automated Plate Handler industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Automated Plate Handler 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Automated Plate Handler worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Automated Plate Handler market
Market status and development trend of Automated Plate Handler by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automated Plate Handler, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Automated Plate Handler market as:
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Automated Plate Handler
Automated Barcode Labeler
Automated Plate Stacker
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Liquid Handling
Drug Discovery
Bio Analysis
Genomics
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automated Plate Handler Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Siemens Healthcare
Becton Dickinson
Synchron Lab
Hudson Robotics
Agilent Technologies
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Automated Plate Handler-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Automated Plate Handler industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Automated Plate Handler 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Automated Plate Handler worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Automated Plate Handler market
Market status and development trend of Automated Plate Handler by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Automated Plate Handler, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Automated Plate Handler market as:
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Automated Plate Handler
Automated Barcode Labeler
Automated Plate Stacker
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Liquid Handling
Drug Discovery
Bio Analysis
Genomics
Global Automated Plate Handler Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Automated Plate Handler Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Siemens Healthcare
Becton Dickinson
Synchron Lab
Hudson Robotics
Agilent Technologies
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
1.1 Definition of Automated Plate Handler in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automated Plate Handler
1.2.1 Automated Plate Handler
1.2.2 Automated Barcode Labeler
1.2.3 Automated Plate Stacker
1.3 Downstream Application of Automated Plate Handler
1.3.1 Liquid Handling
1.3.2 Drug Discovery
1.3.3 Bio Analysis
1.3.4 Genomics
1.4 Development History of Automated Plate Handler
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automated Plate Handler 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Automated Plate Handler Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Automated Plate Handler Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Automated Plate Handler 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Automated Plate Handler by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Automated Plate Handler Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Automated Plate Handler by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Automated Plate Handler by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automated Plate Handler Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automated Plate Handler Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Siemens Healthcare
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.1.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens Healthcare
12.2 Becton Dickinson
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.2.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Becton Dickinson
12.3 Synchron Lab
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.3.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Synchron Lab
12.4 Hudson Robotics
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.4.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hudson Robotics
12.5 Agilent Technologies
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.5.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Agilent Technologies
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
13.1 Industry Chain of Automated Plate Handler
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Automated Plate Handler in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Automated Plate Handler
1.2.1 Automated Plate Handler
1.2.2 Automated Barcode Labeler
1.2.3 Automated Plate Stacker
1.3 Downstream Application of Automated Plate Handler
1.3.1 Liquid Handling
1.3.2 Drug Discovery
1.3.3 Bio Analysis
1.3.4 Genomics
1.4 Development History of Automated Plate Handler
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Automated Plate Handler 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Automated Plate Handler Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Automated Plate Handler Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Automated Plate Handler 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Automated Plate Handler by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Automated Plate Handler by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Automated Plate Handler by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Automated Plate Handler Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Automated Plate Handler Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Automated Plate Handler by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Automated Plate Handler by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Automated Plate Handler by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Automated Plate Handler Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Automated Plate Handler Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Siemens Healthcare
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.1.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Siemens Healthcare
12.2 Becton Dickinson
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.2.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Becton Dickinson
12.3 Synchron Lab
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.3.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Synchron Lab
12.4 Hudson Robotics
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.4.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hudson Robotics
12.5 Agilent Technologies
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Automated Plate Handler Product
12.5.3 Automated Plate Handler Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Agilent Technologies
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
13.1 Industry Chain of Automated Plate Handler
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED PLATE HANDLER
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Automated Plate Handler
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
