5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots market
Market status and development trend of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots industry.
The report segments the global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots market as:
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
5-Axis
6-Axis
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Automotive
ElectricalandElectronics
Machinery
Rubber,Plastics&Chemicals
Food&Beverage
Others
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
FANUC
KUKA
ABB
Yaskawa
Kawasaki
DENSO
Nachi-Fujikoshi
Epson
Staubli
OTC
COMAU
OmronAdeptTechnologies
SIASUN
HIWIN(TW)
Yamaha
GSK
Triowin
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots market
Market status and development trend of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots industry.
The report segments the global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots market as:
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
5-Axis
6-Axis
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Automotive
ElectricalandElectronics
Machinery
Rubber,Plastics&Chemicals
Food&Beverage
Others
Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
FANUC
KUKA
ABB
Yaskawa
Kawasaki
DENSO
Nachi-Fujikoshi
Epson
Staubli
OTC
COMAU
OmronAdeptTechnologies
SIASUN
HIWIN(TW)
Yamaha
GSK
Triowin
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
1.1 Definition of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
1.2.1 5-Axis
1.2.2 6-Axis
1.3 Downstream Application of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
1.3.1 Automotive
1.3.2 ElectricalandElectronics
1.3.3 Machinery
1.3.4 Rubber,Plastics&Chemicals
1.3.5 Food&Beverage
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Types
3.2 Production Value of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 FANUC
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.1.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FANUC
7.2 KUKA
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.2.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KUKA
7.3 ABB
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.3.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB
7.4 Yaskawa
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.4.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yaskawa
7.5 Kawasaki
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.5.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kawasaki
7.6 DENSO
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.6.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DENSO
7.7 Nachi-Fujikoshi
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.7.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nachi-Fujikoshi
7.8 Epson
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.8.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Epson
7.9 Staubli
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.9.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Staubli
7.10 OTC
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.10.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OTC
7.11 COMAU
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.11.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of COMAU
7.12 OmronAdeptTechnologies
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.12.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OmronAdeptTechnologies
7.13 SIASUN
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.13.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SIASUN
7.14 HIWIN(TW)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.14.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HIWIN(TW)
7.15 Yamaha
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.15.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yamaha
7.16 GSK
7.17 Triowin
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
8.1 Industry Chain of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
1.2.1 5-Axis
1.2.2 6-Axis
1.3 Downstream Application of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
1.3.1 Automotive
1.3.2 ElectricalandElectronics
1.3.3 Machinery
1.3.4 Rubber,Plastics&Chemicals
1.3.5 Food&Beverage
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Types
3.2 Production Value of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 FANUC
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.1.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of FANUC
7.2 KUKA
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.2.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KUKA
7.3 ABB
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.3.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABB
7.4 Yaskawa
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.4.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yaskawa
7.5 Kawasaki
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.5.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kawasaki
7.6 DENSO
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.6.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DENSO
7.7 Nachi-Fujikoshi
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.7.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nachi-Fujikoshi
7.8 Epson
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.8.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Epson
7.9 Staubli
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.9.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Staubli
7.10 OTC
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.10.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OTC
7.11 COMAU
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.11.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of COMAU
7.12 OmronAdeptTechnologies
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.12.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of OmronAdeptTechnologies
7.13 SIASUN
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.13.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SIASUN
7.14 HIWIN(TW)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.14.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of HIWIN(TW)
7.15 Yamaha
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Product
7.15.3 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yamaha
7.16 GSK
7.17 Triowin
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
8.1 Industry Chain of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 5-Axis and 6-Axis Articulated Robots
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF 5-AXIS AND 6-AXIS ARTICULATED ROBOTS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
