2014 Market Research Report on Global Laser Composite Film Industry
'2014 Market Research Report on Global Laser Composite Film Industry' was a professional and depth research report on Global Laser Composite Film industry that you would know the world's major regional market conditions of Laser Composite Film industry, the main region including North American, Europe and Asia etc, and the main country including United States ,Germany ,Japan and China etc.
The report firstly introduced Laser Composite Film basic information including Laser Composite Film definition, classification, application and industry chain overview; Laser Composite Film industry policy and plan, Laser Composite Film product specification, manufacturing process, cost structure etc. Then we deeply analyzed the world's main region market conditions that including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc.
In the end, the report introduced Laser Composite Film new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis and Global Twin-screw Extruder industry.
In a word, it was a depth research report on Global Laser Composite Film industry. And thanks to the support and assistance from Laser Composite Film industry chain related technical experts and marketing experts during Research Team survey and interviews.
The report including six parts, the first part mainly introduced the product basic information; the second part mainly analyzed the Asia Laser Composite Film industry; the third part mainly analyzed the North American Laser Composite Film industry; the fourth part mainly analyzed the Europe Laser Composite Film industry; the fifth part mainly analyzed the market entry and investment feasibility; the sixth part was the report conclusion chapter.
The report firstly introduced Laser Composite Film basic information including Laser Composite Film definition, classification, application and industry chain overview; Laser Composite Film industry policy and plan, Laser Composite Film product specification, manufacturing process, cost structure etc. Then we deeply analyzed the world's main region market conditions that including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc.
In the end, the report introduced Laser Composite Film new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis and Global Twin-screw Extruder industry.
In a word, it was a depth research report on Global Laser Composite Film industry. And thanks to the support and assistance from Laser Composite Film industry chain related technical experts and marketing experts during Research Team survey and interviews.
The report including six parts, the first part mainly introduced the product basic information; the second part mainly analyzed the Asia Laser Composite Film industry; the third part mainly analyzed the North American Laser Composite Film industry; the fourth part mainly analyzed the Europe Laser Composite Film industry; the fifth part mainly analyzed the market entry and investment feasibility; the sixth part was the report conclusion chapter.
PART I LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Laser Composite Film Definition
1.2 Laser Composite Film Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Laser Composite Film Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Laser Composite Film Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Laser Composite Film Application Analysis
1.3.1 Laser Composite Film Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Laser Composite Film Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Laser Composite Film Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Laser Composite Film Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Laser Composite Film Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Laser Composite Film Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Laser Composite Film Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Laser Composite Film Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Laser Composite Film Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Laser Composite Film Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Laser Composite Film Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Laser Composite Film Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO LASER COMPOSITE FILM UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Upstream Raw Materials Price Analysis
2.1.2 Upstream Raw Materials Market Analysis
2.1.3 Upstream Raw Materials Market Trend
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.1.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Laser Composite Film Product Development History
3.2 Asia Laser Composite Film Process Development History
3.3 Asia Laser Composite Film Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
3.4 Asia Laser Composite Film Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.5 Asia Laser Composite Film Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2009-2014 ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
4.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
4.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
4.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER SIX ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
6.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
6.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
6.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Laser Composite Film Product Development History
7.2 North American Laser Composite Film Process Development History
7.3 North American Laser Composite Film Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.4 North American Laser Composite Film Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2009-2014 NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
8.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
8.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
8.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
10.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
10.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
10.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Laser Composite Film Product Development History
11.2 Europe Laser Composite Film Process Development History
11.3 Europe Laser Composite Film Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
11.4 Europe Laser Composite Film Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.5 Europe Laser Composite Film Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2009-2014 EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
12.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
12.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
12.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
14.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
14.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
14.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Laser Composite Film Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Laser Composite Film Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Laser Composite Film Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN LASER COMPOSITE FILM NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Laser Composite Film Market Analysis
17.2 Laser Composite Film Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Laser Composite Film New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2009-2014 GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
18.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
18.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
18.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
19.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
19.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
19.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Laser Composite Film Definition
1.2 Laser Composite Film Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Laser Composite Film Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Laser Composite Film Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Laser Composite Film Application Analysis
1.3.1 Laser Composite Film Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Laser Composite Film Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Laser Composite Film Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Laser Composite Film Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Laser Composite Film Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Laser Composite Film Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Laser Composite Film Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Laser Composite Film Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Laser Composite Film Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Laser Composite Film Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Laser Composite Film Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Laser Composite Film Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO LASER COMPOSITE FILM UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Upstream Raw Materials Price Analysis
2.1.2 Upstream Raw Materials Market Analysis
2.1.3 Upstream Raw Materials Market Trend
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.1.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Laser Composite Film Product Development History
3.2 Asia Laser Composite Film Process Development History
3.3 Asia Laser Composite Film Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
3.4 Asia Laser Composite Film Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.5 Asia Laser Composite Film Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2009-2014 ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
4.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
4.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
4.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER SIX ASIA LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
6.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
6.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
6.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Laser Composite Film Product Development History
7.2 North American Laser Composite Film Process Development History
7.3 North American Laser Composite Film Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.4 North American Laser Composite Film Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2009-2014 NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
8.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
8.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
8.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
10.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
10.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
10.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Laser Composite Film Product Development History
11.2 Europe Laser Composite Film Process Development History
11.3 Europe Laser Composite Film Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
11.4 Europe Laser Composite Film Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.5 Europe Laser Composite Film Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2009-2014 EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
12.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
12.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
12.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
14.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
14.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
14.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN LASER COMPOSITE FILM MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Laser Composite Film Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Laser Composite Film Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Laser Composite Film Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN LASER COMPOSITE FILM NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Laser Composite Film Market Analysis
17.2 Laser Composite Film Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Laser Composite Film New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2009-2014 GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
18.2 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
18.4 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
18.6 2009-2014 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Capacity Production Overview
19.2 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Demand Overview
19.4 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Import Export Consumption
19.6 2014-2018 Laser Composite Film Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL LASER COMPOSITE FILM INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
