Night Light-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Night Light-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Night Light industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Night Light 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Night Light worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Night Light market
Market status and development trend of Night Light by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Night Light, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Night Light market as:
Global Night Light Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Night Light Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
LED Night Light
Halogen
Incandescent
Others
Global Night Light Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Commercial
Residential
Global Night Light Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Night Light Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Philips
Eaton
Osram
GE
Panasonic
Legrand
Opple
PAK
Hugo Brennenstuhl
Feit Electric
AmerTac
Munchkin
Maxxima
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Night Light-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Night Light industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Night Light 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Night Light worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Night Light market
Market status and development trend of Night Light by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Night Light, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Night Light market as:
Global Night Light Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Night Light Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
LED Night Light
Halogen
Incandescent
Others
Global Night Light Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Commercial
Residential
Global Night Light Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Night Light Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Philips
Eaton
Osram
GE
Panasonic
Legrand
Opple
PAK
Hugo Brennenstuhl
Feit Electric
AmerTac
Munchkin
Maxxima
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF NIGHT LIGHT
1.1 Definition of Night Light in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Night Light
1.2.1 LED Night Light
1.2.2 Halogen
1.2.3 Incandescent
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Night Light
1.3.1 Commercial
1.3.2 Residential
1.4 Development History of Night Light
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Night Light 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Night Light Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Night Light Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Night Light 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Night Light by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Night Light by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Night Light by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Night Light by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Night Light 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Night Light 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Night Light by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Night Light by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Night Light by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Night Light by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Night Light by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Night Light by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Night Light Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Night Light Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF NIGHT LIGHT
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Night Light Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 NIGHT LIGHT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Night Light by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Night Light by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Night Light by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Night Light Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Night Light Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 NIGHT LIGHT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Philips
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.1.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Philips
12.2 Eaton
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.2.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eaton
12.3 Osram
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.3.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Osram
12.4 GE
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.4.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GE
12.5 Panasonic
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.5.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Panasonic
12.6 Legrand
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.6.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Legrand
12.7 Opple
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.7.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Opple
12.8 PAK
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.8.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PAK
12.9 Hugo Brennenstuhl
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.9.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hugo Brennenstuhl
12.10 Feit Electric
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.10.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feit Electric
12.11 AmerTac
12.11.1 Company profile
12.11.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.11.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AmerTac
12.12 Munchkin
12.12.1 Company profile
12.12.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.12.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Munchkin
12.13 Maxxima
12.13.1 Company profile
12.13.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.13.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Maxxima
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF NIGHT LIGHT
13.1 Industry Chain of Night Light
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF NIGHT LIGHT
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Night Light
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Night Light
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Night Light
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Night Light
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Night Light in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Night Light
1.2.1 LED Night Light
1.2.2 Halogen
1.2.3 Incandescent
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of Night Light
1.3.1 Commercial
1.3.2 Residential
1.4 Development History of Night Light
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Night Light 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Night Light Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Night Light Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Night Light 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Night Light by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Night Light by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Night Light by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Night Light by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Night Light 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Night Light 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Night Light by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Night Light by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Night Light by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Night Light by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Night Light by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Night Light by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Night Light Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Night Light Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Night Light Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Night Light Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Night Light Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Night Light Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Night Light Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Night Light Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF NIGHT LIGHT
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Night Light Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 NIGHT LIGHT MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Night Light by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Night Light by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Night Light by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Night Light Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Night Light Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 NIGHT LIGHT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Philips
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.1.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Philips
12.2 Eaton
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.2.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eaton
12.3 Osram
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.3.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Osram
12.4 GE
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.4.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GE
12.5 Panasonic
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.5.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Panasonic
12.6 Legrand
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.6.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Legrand
12.7 Opple
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.7.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Opple
12.8 PAK
12.8.1 Company profile
12.8.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.8.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PAK
12.9 Hugo Brennenstuhl
12.9.1 Company profile
12.9.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.9.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hugo Brennenstuhl
12.10 Feit Electric
12.10.1 Company profile
12.10.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.10.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Feit Electric
12.11 AmerTac
12.11.1 Company profile
12.11.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.11.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AmerTac
12.12 Munchkin
12.12.1 Company profile
12.12.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.12.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Munchkin
12.13 Maxxima
12.13.1 Company profile
12.13.2 Representative Night Light Product
12.13.3 Night Light Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Maxxima
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF NIGHT LIGHT
13.1 Industry Chain of Night Light
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF NIGHT LIGHT
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Night Light
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Night Light
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Night Light
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Night Light
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
