The Global Advanced Chemical Recycling Market 2027-2040
The advanced (chemical) recycling market converts plastic waste that mechanical recycling cannot process into hydrocarbon feedstocks and monomers for the production of new plastics, fuels and chemicals. Its core purpose is to address the mixed, contaminated and multi-layer waste streams — mixed polyolefins, flexible and metallised films, carbon-black-pigmented plastics, textile blends and food-contaminated material — that make up the majority of plastic waste by tonnage and that are otherwise incinerated, landfilled or exported.
The market is built on four principal technology families: pyrolysis, which dominates by capacity and produces an oil substitutable for fossil naphtha in steam cracking; gasification, which tolerates contamination and yields syngas, methanol and hydrogen; depolymerisation, which is polymer-specific and yields recycled monomers such as rPET, rMMA and recycled nylon; and dissolution, which recovers purified polymer. Output products range from pyrolysis oil and synthetic naphtha through recycled monomers, syngas and recovered carbon black to mass-balance-attributed circular polymers.
Demand is regulatory in origin rather than economic. Recycled feedstock is not cheaper than fossil feedstock; what creates the market is the obligation to incorporate recycled content under the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation, the Single-Use Plastics Directive, the End-of-Life Vehicles framework, United States state legislation and Asian mandates. Because polyolefin packaging has no mechanical route to food-contact quality at scale, meeting these mandates requires advanced recycling.
The market is capital-intensive, technically demanding and marked by a wide gap between announced and operating capacity, with listed global capacity of around 6 million tonnes per year against operating capacity nearer 1.4 million. The end-2025 EU decision adopting the fuel-use excluded mass balance method resolved the principal investment uncertainty, but a wave of project failures and delays through 2024–2026 confirmed that construction, feedstock and commissioning risks remain acute. The sector also faces sustained NGO opposition over emissions, energy use and yields, making regulatory recognition, certification and buyer qualification the decisive commercial variables.
The Global Advanced Recycling Market 2027-2040 is a comprehensive market analysis of the technologies, output products, players and demand drivers converting hard-to-recycle plastic waste into circular feedstocks. It provides a data-led assessment of a market at an inflection point, where the arrival of EU regulatory certainty on mass balance accounting meets a hard reality of project failures, delays and a fourfold gap between announced and operating capacity. The report quantifies the market by technology (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerisation, dissolution and emerging routes), by output product (pyrolysis oil and synthetic naphtha, recycled monomers, syngas and methanol, recovered carbon black and circular polymers), by end-use sector and by region, with forecasts to 2040 presented as ranges bounded by nameplate and realisation-adjusted capacity. It analyses supply-side trends including the producer landscape, feedstock availability and pricing, and the announced-versus-operating capacity gap, alongside demand and customer trends covering who buys pyrolysis oil, offtake agreements, buyer qualification and willingness to pay.
Dedicated chapters address the global regulatory landscape, including the 2025 EU fuel-use excluded Implementing Decision, PPWR, US state legislation and Asian mandates; mass balance and certification; the sustainability and LCA debate; pricing, including the decoupling of pyrolysis oil from fossil naphtha; and the 2024–2026 investment shakeout, consolidation and project attrition. It profiles the companies active across the value chain, from independent technology developers to integrated petrochemical majors, and includes detailed plant-level capacity data.
The report is intended for producers, technology licensors, petrochemical and refining companies, brand owners, investors and policymakers requiring a rigorous, current and commercially grounded view of the market. It draws on plant-level databases, company disclosures, regulatory instruments and price assessments, distinguishing announced intentions from demonstrated operation throughout.
Contents include:
The market is built on four principal technology families: pyrolysis, which dominates by capacity and produces an oil substitutable for fossil naphtha in steam cracking; gasification, which tolerates contamination and yields syngas, methanol and hydrogen; depolymerisation, which is polymer-specific and yields recycled monomers such as rPET, rMMA and recycled nylon; and dissolution, which recovers purified polymer. Output products range from pyrolysis oil and synthetic naphtha through recycled monomers, syngas and recovered carbon black to mass-balance-attributed circular polymers.
Demand is regulatory in origin rather than economic. Recycled feedstock is not cheaper than fossil feedstock; what creates the market is the obligation to incorporate recycled content under the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation, the Single-Use Plastics Directive, the End-of-Life Vehicles framework, United States state legislation and Asian mandates. Because polyolefin packaging has no mechanical route to food-contact quality at scale, meeting these mandates requires advanced recycling.
The market is capital-intensive, technically demanding and marked by a wide gap between announced and operating capacity, with listed global capacity of around 6 million tonnes per year against operating capacity nearer 1.4 million. The end-2025 EU decision adopting the fuel-use excluded mass balance method resolved the principal investment uncertainty, but a wave of project failures and delays through 2024–2026 confirmed that construction, feedstock and commissioning risks remain acute. The sector also faces sustained NGO opposition over emissions, energy use and yields, making regulatory recognition, certification and buyer qualification the decisive commercial variables.
The Global Advanced Recycling Market 2027-2040 is a comprehensive market analysis of the technologies, output products, players and demand drivers converting hard-to-recycle plastic waste into circular feedstocks. It provides a data-led assessment of a market at an inflection point, where the arrival of EU regulatory certainty on mass balance accounting meets a hard reality of project failures, delays and a fourfold gap between announced and operating capacity. The report quantifies the market by technology (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerisation, dissolution and emerging routes), by output product (pyrolysis oil and synthetic naphtha, recycled monomers, syngas and methanol, recovered carbon black and circular polymers), by end-use sector and by region, with forecasts to 2040 presented as ranges bounded by nameplate and realisation-adjusted capacity. It analyses supply-side trends including the producer landscape, feedstock availability and pricing, and the announced-versus-operating capacity gap, alongside demand and customer trends covering who buys pyrolysis oil, offtake agreements, buyer qualification and willingness to pay.
Dedicated chapters address the global regulatory landscape, including the 2025 EU fuel-use excluded Implementing Decision, PPWR, US state legislation and Asian mandates; mass balance and certification; the sustainability and LCA debate; pricing, including the decoupling of pyrolysis oil from fossil naphtha; and the 2024–2026 investment shakeout, consolidation and project attrition. It profiles the companies active across the value chain, from independent technology developers to integrated petrochemical majors, and includes detailed plant-level capacity data.
The report is intended for producers, technology licensors, petrochemical and refining companies, brand owners, investors and policymakers requiring a rigorous, current and commercially grounded view of the market. It draws on plant-level databases, company disclosures, regulatory instruments and price assessments, distinguishing announced intentions from demonstrated operation throughout.
Contents include:
- Executive summary
- Classification of recycling technologies
- Research methodology
- Introduction: plastics production, waste, pollution, the circular economy, and mechanical versus advanced recycling
- The advanced chemical recycling market: drivers, restraints, capacities, and market sizing by technology, output product, end-use sector and region
- Plastic waste feedstock: availability, gate fees and pricing, quality and yield
- Global regulatory landscape: EU PPWR and SUPD, the 2025 fuel-use excluded mass balance decision, US state law, Asia and rest of world
- Mass balance and chain-of-custody certification
- Sustainability, LCA and the chemical recycling debate
- Investment, funding, M&A and the announced-versus-operating capacity gap
- Competitive landscape and market shares
- The pyrolysis oil (PPO) market: value chain, specification and quality, supply, demand and customers, certification, pricing, forecasts and substitution
- Advanced recycling technologies: pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution, depolymerisation, and emerging and commercialising routes
- Materials analysis and end-product analysis: chemical feedstocks, fuels, recycled monomers, syngas and methanol, recovered carbon black and circular polymers
- Company profiles
- Pyrolysis oil producer and buyer directory
- Glossary and references
1 CLASSIFICATION OF RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1 Market context
3.2 The defining tension of 2024 to mid-2026
3.3 Supply, demand and pricing
3.4 Technology diversification
3.5 The sustainability debate
3.6 Outlook
4 INTRODUCTION
4.1 Global production of plastics
4.2 The importance of plastic
4.3 Issues with plastics use
4.4 Bio-based or renewable plastics
4.4.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
4.4.2 Novel bio-based plastics
4.5 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
4.5.1 Biodegradability
4.5.2 Compostability
4.6 Plastic pollution
4.7 Policy and regulations
4.8 The circular economy
4.9 Plastic recycling
4.9.1 Mechanical recycling
4.9.1.1 Closed-loop mechanical recycling
4.9.1.2 Open-loop mechanical recycling
4.9.1.3 Polymer types, use, and recovery
4.9.2 Advanced recycling (molecular recycling, chemical recycling)
4.9.2.1 Main streams of plastic waste
4.9.2.2 Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
4.10 Life cycle assessment
4.11 Chemical versus mechanical recycling: complementarity and competition
4.12 The role of advanced recycling in meeting recycled-content mandates
5 THE ADVANCED CHEMICAL RECYCLING MARKET
5.1 Market drivers and trends
5.1.1 Growing Environmental Concerns
5.1.2 Stringent Regulatory Policies
5.1.3 Corporate Sustainability Initiatives
5.1.4 Technological Advancements
5.1.5 Circular Economy Adoption
5.2 Market Challenges and Restraints
5.2.1 High Initial Investment Costs
5.2.2 Technical Challenges
5.2.3 Infrastructure Limitations
5.2.4 Technological Barriers
5.2.5 Supply Chain Complexities
5.2.6 Cost Competitiveness
5.3 Capacities
5.4 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
5.4.1 PE
5.4.2 PP
5.4.3 PET
5.4.4 PS
5.4.5 Nylon
5.4.6 Others
5.5 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, by region
5.5.1 Europe
5.5.2 North America
5.5.3 South America
5.5.4 Asia
5.5.5 Oceania
5.5.6 Africa
5.6 Chemically recycled plastic products
5.7 Market map
5.8 Value chain
5.9 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced chemical recycling processes
5.9.1 PE
5.9.2 PP
5.9.3 PET
5.10 Recycled plastic yield and cost
5.10.1 Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies
5.10.2 Prices
5.11 Plastic waste feedstock supply and pricing
5.11.1 Feedstock availability by region 2025-2040
5.11.2 Gate fees, feedstock pricing and sorting costs
5.11.3 Feedstock quality and its effect on downstream oil yield
5.12 Market size and forecast by recycling technology 2025-2040
5.13 Market size and forecast by output product 2025-2040
5.14 Market size and forecast by end-use sector 2025-2040
5.15 Regional market analysis 2025-2040
5.16 Global regulatory landscape for advanced chemical recycling
5.16.1 EU: PPWR, SUPD and the Waste Framework Directive
5.16.2 EU mass balance Implementing Decision and the fuel-exempt method
5.16.3 EU End-of-Life Vehicles Regulation
5.16.4 United States: state legislation and EPA
5.16.5 Asia: Japan, South Korea and China
5.16.6 Rest of World and international harmonisation
5.17 Mass balance and chain-of-custody certification across the sector
5.17.1 ISCC PLUS, RSB and REDcert
5.17.2 Attribution models compared
5.17.3 Certification as a driver of buyer access and price
5.18 Sustainability, LCA and the chemical recycling debate
5.18.1 Energy use, yields and greenhouse gas emissions
5.18.2 The recycling-versus-recovery debate and NGO criticism
5.18.3 Toxic byproducts, permitting and community opposition
5.18.4 Industry responses and third-party LCA evidence
5.19 Investment, funding and M&A landscape 2024-2026
5.19.1 Capital flows and project finance
5.19.2 The 2024-2025 investment slowdown and its causes
5.19.3 Consolidation, M&A and vertical integration
5.19.4 Announced versus FID-approved versus operational capacity
5.20 Competitive landscape and market shares
5.20.1 Leading players by technology
5.20.2 Market concentration and producer shares 2025
5.20.3 Brand owner and petrochemical major commitments
6 ADVANCED (CHEMICAL OR FEEDSTOCK) RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
6.1 Applications
6.2 Pyrolysis
6.2.1 Non-catalytic
6.2.2 Catalytic
6.2.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
6.2.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
6.2.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis
6.2.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel
6.2.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
6.2.3 SWOT analysis
6.2.4 Companies and capacities
6.2.5 Pyrolysis oil yields by feedstock and reactor type
6.2.6 Technology licensors and PPO output specifications
6.3 Technology commercialisation and recent advances 2024-2026
6.3.1 Commercial depolymerisation scale-up
6.3.2 Gasification-to-methanol commercial routes
6.3.3 Microwave-assisted and supercritical pyrolysis
6.3.4 Catalytic pyrolysis and yield-improvement advances
6.4 Gasification
6.4.1 Technology overview
6.4.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
6.4.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
6.4.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
6.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.4.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.5 Dissolution
6.5.1 Technology overview
6.5.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.6 Depolymerisation
6.6.1 Hydrolysis
6.6.1.1 Technology overview
6.6.1.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.2 Enzymolysis
6.6.2.1 Technology overview
6.6.2.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.3 Methanolysis
6.6.3.1 Technology overview
6.6.3.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.4 Glycolysis
6.6.4.1 Technology overview
6.6.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.5 Aminolysis
6.6.5.1 Technology overview
6.6.5.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.7 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
6.7.1 Hydrothermal cracking
6.7.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
6.7.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
6.7.4 Plasma pyrolysis
6.7.5 Plasma gasification
6.7.6 Supercritical fluids
6.7.7 Carbon fiber recycling
6.7.7.1 Processes
6.7.7.2 Companies
6.8 Advanced recycling of thermoset materials
6.8.1 Thermal recycling
6.8.1.1 Energy Recovery Combustion
6.8.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
6.8.1.3 Pyrolysis Processing
6.8.1.4 Microwave Pyrolysis
6.8.2 Solvolysis
6.8.3 Catalyzed Glycolysis
6.8.4 Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis
6.8.5 Ionic liquids
6.8.6 Supercritical fluids
6.8.7 Plasma
6.8.8 Companies
6.9 Comparison with Traditional Recycling Methods
6.9.1 Mechanical Recycling Limitations
6.9.2 Energy Efficiency Comparison
6.9.3 Quality of Output Comparison
6.9.4 Cost Analysis
6.10 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.10.1 Carbon Footprint Analysis
6.10.2 Energy Consumption Assessment
6.10.3 Waste Reduction Potential
6.10.3.1 Wastewater
6.10.3.2 Atmospheric Emissions
6.10.3.3 Catalyst and Media Waste
6.10.3.4 Maintenance and Cleaning Waste
6.10.3.5 Waste Management Approaches
6.10.3.6 Regulatory Considerations and Classification
6.10.3.7 Comparative Waste Production
6.10.3.8 Environmental Impact and Future Directions
6.10.4 Sustainability Metrics
6.11 Emerging Technologies
6.11.1 AI and Machine Learning Applications
6.11.1.1 Sorting Optimization
6.11.1.2 Process Control
6.11.1.3 Quality Prediction
6.11.1.4 Maintenance Prediction
6.11.2 Robotics in Sorting
6.11.2.1 Vision Systems
6.11.2.2 Picking Mechanisms
6.11.2.3 Control Systems
6.11.2.4 Integration Methods
6.11.3 Novel Catalyst Development
6.11.3.1 Nano-catalysts
6.11.3.2 Bio-catalysts
6.11.3.3 Hybrid Catalysts
7 THE PYROLYSIS OIL MARKET
7.1 Pyrolysis oil in the plastics and fuels value chain
7.1.1 Definitions
7.1.2 From waste plastic to synthetic naphtha
7.1.3 PPO relative to fossil, bio- and e-naphtha
7.1.4 Crude versus upgraded grades
7.2 PPO product specification and quality
7.2.1 Typical composition, boiling range and distillation profile
7.2.2 Contaminants
7.2.3 Buyer specification requirements
7.2.4 Upgrading and purification routes
7.2.5 Emerging quality standards
7.2.6 Quality as a barrier to offtake
7.3 PPO supply
7.3.1 Global PPO production capacity
7.3.2 Nameplate versus actual output
7.3.3 Announced, under-construction and FID-approved capacity
7.3.4 Supply by region
7.3.5 Producer landscape and market shares
7.3.6 Technology licensors and route to market
7.3.7 Feedstock supply
7.3.8 Project cancellations, delays and plant closures
7.3.9 Supply-side risk assessment
7.3.10 Supply-side outlook
7.4 PPO demand and customers
7.4.1 Who buys pyrolysis oil — buyer typology
7.4.2 Petrochemical producers and steam cracker operators
7.4.3 Refiners and co-processing in FCC and hydrocrackers
7.4.4 Synthetic naphtha and drop-in fuel producers
7.4.5 Brand owners and converters as indirect demand drivers
7.4.6 Carbon black producers and tyre pyrolysis oil buyers
7.4.7 Offtake agreements, supply contracts and joint ventures
7.4.8 Buyer qualification processes and purchasing criteria
7.4.9 Willingness to pay and the green premium
7.4.10 Unmet demand and buyer pipeline
7.4.11 Demand-side trends and outlook
7.4.12 Regional demand shift
7.5 Mass balance, certification and regulation applied to PPO
7.5.1 Certification schemes
7.5.2 Attribution models
7.5.3 The 2025 EU mass balance Implementing Decision applied to PPO
7.5.4 Impact on PPO economics and buyer access
7.6 PPO pricing
7.6.1 Pricing mechanisms and benchmarks
7.6.2 Historical price ranges 2020-2025
7.6.3 Relationship to fossil naphtha, Brent and virgin polymer prices
7.6.4 Published price indices and commodity intelligence
7.6.5 Bio-attributed versus polymer-derived premiums
7.7 PPO market forecasts 2025-2040
7.7.1 Global PPO production volumes 2025-2040
7.7.2 PPO demand by end use 2025-2040
7.7.3 PPO demand by region 2025-2040
7.7.4 Synthetic naphtha output derived from PPO 2025-2040
7.7.5 Market value forecast 2025-2040
7.8 Competitive and substitution landscape
7.8.1 PPO versus bio-naphtha and e-naphtha
7.8.2 PPO versus mechanically recycled resin
7.8.3 SWOT analysis: PPO as a steam cracker feedstock
7.8.4 Barriers to buyer adoption
7.8.5 Depolymerisation scale-up as competing capacity
7.9 Market developments and investment climate 2024-2026
7.9.1 The 2024-2025 demand slowdown
7.9.2 The realisation gap
7.9.3 Project delays, bankruptcies and closures
7.9.4 Consolidation, M&A and vertical integration
7.9.5 Investment sentiment and regulatory certainty
7.9.6 What the 2025 EU decision changes for the pipeline
7.10 Pyrolysis Oil Producer and Buyer Directory
7.10.1 PPO producers: capacity, technology, output specification and offtake status
7.10.2 PPO buyers: contracted volumes, end use and certification status
7.10.3 Producer-buyer contract matrix
7.10.4 Synthetic naphtha producers sourcing PPO
8 MATERIALS ANALYSIS
8.1 Plastics
8.1.1 Polyethylene (PE)
8.1.1.1 HDPE Analysis
8.1.1.2 LLDPE Analysis
8.1.1.3 Recovery Methods
8.1.2 Polypropylene (PP)
8.1.2.1 Homopolymer
8.1.2.2 Copolymer
8.1.2.3 Processing Methods
8.1.2.4 Quality Grades
8.1.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
8.1.3.1 Bottle Grade
8.1.3.2 Fiber Grade
8.1.3.3 Film Grade
8.1.3.4 Recovery Technologies
8.1.4 Polystyrene (PS)
8.1.4.1 General Purpose PS
8.1.4.2 High Impact PS
8.1.4.3 Expanded PS
8.1.4.4 Processing Methods
8.1.5 Other Plastics
8.1.5.1 PVC
8.1.5.2 PC
8.1.5.3 ABS
8.1.5.4 Mixed Plastics
8.2 Metals
8.2.1 Precious Metals
8.2.1.1 Gold
8.2.1.2 Silver
8.2.1.3 Platinum Group Metals
8.2.1.4 Recovery Methods
8.3 Base Metals
8.3.1 Copper
8.3.2 Aluminium
8.3.3 Steel
8.3.4 Processing Technologies
8.4 Rare Earth Elements
8.4.1 Light REEs
8.4.2 Heavy REEs
8.4.3 Extraction Methods
8.5 Electronic Waste
8.5.1 Circuit Boards
8.5.1.1 PCB Types
8.5.1.2 Component Separation
8.5.1.3 Metal Recovery
8.5.1.4 Waste Management
8.5.2 Batteries
8.5.2.1 Lithium-ion
8.5.2.2 Lead-acid
8.5.2.3 Nickel-based
8.5.2.4 Recovery Processes
8.5.3 Displays
8.5.3.1 LCD
8.5.3.2 LED
8.5.3.3 OLED
8.5.3.4 Material Recovery
8.5.4 Other Components
8.5.4.1 Capacitors
8.5.4.2 Resistors
8.5.4.3 Semiconductors
8.5.4.4 Connectors
8.6 Textiles
8.6.1 Natural Fibers
8.6.2 Cotton
8.6.3 Wool
8.6.4 Silk
8.6.5 Processing Methods
8.7 Synthetic Fibers
8.7.1 Polyester
8.7.2 Nylon
8.7.3 Acrylic
8.7.4 Recovery Technologies
9 END PRODUCT ANALYSIS
9.1 Chemical Feedstocks
9.1.1 Monomers
9.1.2 Oligomers
9.1.3 Specialty Chemicals
9.1.4 Pyrolysis oil (PPO) as a chemical feedstock
9.1.4.1 Synthetic naphtha
9.1.4.2 Synthetic naphtha and drop-in fuel blendstocks
9.2 Recycled monomers
9.3 Syngas, methanol and hydrogen
9.4 Recovered carbon black and waxes
9.5 Mass-balance-attributed circular polymers
9.6 Fuels
9.6.1 Diesel
9.6.2 Gasoline
9.6.3 Synthetic Gas
9.7 Raw Materials
9.7.1 Recycled Plastics
9.7.2 Recovered Metals
9.7.3 Other Materials
9.8 Energy Products
9.8.1 Electricity
9.8.2 Heat
9.8.3 Biofuels
10 COMPANY PROFILES (197 COMPANY PROFILES)
11 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
12 REFERENCES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1 Market context
3.2 The defining tension of 2024 to mid-2026
3.3 Supply, demand and pricing
3.4 Technology diversification
3.5 The sustainability debate
3.6 Outlook
4 INTRODUCTION
4.1 Global production of plastics
4.2 The importance of plastic
4.3 Issues with plastics use
4.4 Bio-based or renewable plastics
4.4.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
4.4.2 Novel bio-based plastics
4.5 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
4.5.1 Biodegradability
4.5.2 Compostability
4.6 Plastic pollution
4.7 Policy and regulations
4.8 The circular economy
4.9 Plastic recycling
4.9.1 Mechanical recycling
4.9.1.1 Closed-loop mechanical recycling
4.9.1.2 Open-loop mechanical recycling
4.9.1.3 Polymer types, use, and recovery
4.9.2 Advanced recycling (molecular recycling, chemical recycling)
4.9.2.1 Main streams of plastic waste
4.9.2.2 Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
4.10 Life cycle assessment
4.11 Chemical versus mechanical recycling: complementarity and competition
4.12 The role of advanced recycling in meeting recycled-content mandates
5 THE ADVANCED CHEMICAL RECYCLING MARKET
5.1 Market drivers and trends
5.1.1 Growing Environmental Concerns
5.1.2 Stringent Regulatory Policies
5.1.3 Corporate Sustainability Initiatives
5.1.4 Technological Advancements
5.1.5 Circular Economy Adoption
5.2 Market Challenges and Restraints
5.2.1 High Initial Investment Costs
5.2.2 Technical Challenges
5.2.3 Infrastructure Limitations
5.2.4 Technological Barriers
5.2.5 Supply Chain Complexities
5.2.6 Cost Competitiveness
5.3 Capacities
5.4 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
5.4.1 PE
5.4.2 PP
5.4.3 PET
5.4.4 PS
5.4.5 Nylon
5.4.6 Others
5.5 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, by region
5.5.1 Europe
5.5.2 North America
5.5.3 South America
5.5.4 Asia
5.5.5 Oceania
5.5.6 Africa
5.6 Chemically recycled plastic products
5.7 Market map
5.8 Value chain
5.9 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced chemical recycling processes
5.9.1 PE
5.9.2 PP
5.9.3 PET
5.10 Recycled plastic yield and cost
5.10.1 Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies
5.10.2 Prices
5.11 Plastic waste feedstock supply and pricing
5.11.1 Feedstock availability by region 2025-2040
5.11.2 Gate fees, feedstock pricing and sorting costs
5.11.3 Feedstock quality and its effect on downstream oil yield
5.12 Market size and forecast by recycling technology 2025-2040
5.13 Market size and forecast by output product 2025-2040
5.14 Market size and forecast by end-use sector 2025-2040
5.15 Regional market analysis 2025-2040
5.16 Global regulatory landscape for advanced chemical recycling
5.16.1 EU: PPWR, SUPD and the Waste Framework Directive
5.16.2 EU mass balance Implementing Decision and the fuel-exempt method
5.16.3 EU End-of-Life Vehicles Regulation
5.16.4 United States: state legislation and EPA
5.16.5 Asia: Japan, South Korea and China
5.16.6 Rest of World and international harmonisation
5.17 Mass balance and chain-of-custody certification across the sector
5.17.1 ISCC PLUS, RSB and REDcert
5.17.2 Attribution models compared
5.17.3 Certification as a driver of buyer access and price
5.18 Sustainability, LCA and the chemical recycling debate
5.18.1 Energy use, yields and greenhouse gas emissions
5.18.2 The recycling-versus-recovery debate and NGO criticism
5.18.3 Toxic byproducts, permitting and community opposition
5.18.4 Industry responses and third-party LCA evidence
5.19 Investment, funding and M&A landscape 2024-2026
5.19.1 Capital flows and project finance
5.19.2 The 2024-2025 investment slowdown and its causes
5.19.3 Consolidation, M&A and vertical integration
5.19.4 Announced versus FID-approved versus operational capacity
5.20 Competitive landscape and market shares
5.20.1 Leading players by technology
5.20.2 Market concentration and producer shares 2025
5.20.3 Brand owner and petrochemical major commitments
6 ADVANCED (CHEMICAL OR FEEDSTOCK) RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
6.1 Applications
6.2 Pyrolysis
6.2.1 Non-catalytic
6.2.2 Catalytic
6.2.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
6.2.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
6.2.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis
6.2.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel
6.2.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
6.2.3 SWOT analysis
6.2.4 Companies and capacities
6.2.5 Pyrolysis oil yields by feedstock and reactor type
6.2.6 Technology licensors and PPO output specifications
6.3 Technology commercialisation and recent advances 2024-2026
6.3.1 Commercial depolymerisation scale-up
6.3.2 Gasification-to-methanol commercial routes
6.3.3 Microwave-assisted and supercritical pyrolysis
6.3.4 Catalytic pyrolysis and yield-improvement advances
6.4 Gasification
6.4.1 Technology overview
6.4.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
6.4.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
6.4.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
6.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.4.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.5 Dissolution
6.5.1 Technology overview
6.5.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.6 Depolymerisation
6.6.1 Hydrolysis
6.6.1.1 Technology overview
6.6.1.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.2 Enzymolysis
6.6.2.1 Technology overview
6.6.2.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.3 Methanolysis
6.6.3.1 Technology overview
6.6.3.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.4 Glycolysis
6.6.4.1 Technology overview
6.6.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.5 Aminolysis
6.6.5.1 Technology overview
6.6.5.2 SWOT analysis
6.6.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.7 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
6.7.1 Hydrothermal cracking
6.7.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
6.7.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
6.7.4 Plasma pyrolysis
6.7.5 Plasma gasification
6.7.6 Supercritical fluids
6.7.7 Carbon fiber recycling
6.7.7.1 Processes
6.7.7.2 Companies
6.8 Advanced recycling of thermoset materials
6.8.1 Thermal recycling
6.8.1.1 Energy Recovery Combustion
6.8.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
6.8.1.3 Pyrolysis Processing
6.8.1.4 Microwave Pyrolysis
6.8.2 Solvolysis
6.8.3 Catalyzed Glycolysis
6.8.4 Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis
6.8.5 Ionic liquids
6.8.6 Supercritical fluids
6.8.7 Plasma
6.8.8 Companies
6.9 Comparison with Traditional Recycling Methods
6.9.1 Mechanical Recycling Limitations
6.9.2 Energy Efficiency Comparison
6.9.3 Quality of Output Comparison
6.9.4 Cost Analysis
6.10 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.10.1 Carbon Footprint Analysis
6.10.2 Energy Consumption Assessment
6.10.3 Waste Reduction Potential
6.10.3.1 Wastewater
6.10.3.2 Atmospheric Emissions
6.10.3.3 Catalyst and Media Waste
6.10.3.4 Maintenance and Cleaning Waste
6.10.3.5 Waste Management Approaches
6.10.3.6 Regulatory Considerations and Classification
6.10.3.7 Comparative Waste Production
6.10.3.8 Environmental Impact and Future Directions
6.10.4 Sustainability Metrics
6.11 Emerging Technologies
6.11.1 AI and Machine Learning Applications
6.11.1.1 Sorting Optimization
6.11.1.2 Process Control
6.11.1.3 Quality Prediction
6.11.1.4 Maintenance Prediction
6.11.2 Robotics in Sorting
6.11.2.1 Vision Systems
6.11.2.2 Picking Mechanisms
6.11.2.3 Control Systems
6.11.2.4 Integration Methods
6.11.3 Novel Catalyst Development
6.11.3.1 Nano-catalysts
6.11.3.2 Bio-catalysts
6.11.3.3 Hybrid Catalysts
7 THE PYROLYSIS OIL MARKET
7.1 Pyrolysis oil in the plastics and fuels value chain
7.1.1 Definitions
7.1.2 From waste plastic to synthetic naphtha
7.1.3 PPO relative to fossil, bio- and e-naphtha
7.1.4 Crude versus upgraded grades
7.2 PPO product specification and quality
7.2.1 Typical composition, boiling range and distillation profile
7.2.2 Contaminants
7.2.3 Buyer specification requirements
7.2.4 Upgrading and purification routes
7.2.5 Emerging quality standards
7.2.6 Quality as a barrier to offtake
7.3 PPO supply
7.3.1 Global PPO production capacity
7.3.2 Nameplate versus actual output
7.3.3 Announced, under-construction and FID-approved capacity
7.3.4 Supply by region
7.3.5 Producer landscape and market shares
7.3.6 Technology licensors and route to market
7.3.7 Feedstock supply
7.3.8 Project cancellations, delays and plant closures
7.3.9 Supply-side risk assessment
7.3.10 Supply-side outlook
7.4 PPO demand and customers
7.4.1 Who buys pyrolysis oil — buyer typology
7.4.2 Petrochemical producers and steam cracker operators
7.4.3 Refiners and co-processing in FCC and hydrocrackers
7.4.4 Synthetic naphtha and drop-in fuel producers
7.4.5 Brand owners and converters as indirect demand drivers
7.4.6 Carbon black producers and tyre pyrolysis oil buyers
7.4.7 Offtake agreements, supply contracts and joint ventures
7.4.8 Buyer qualification processes and purchasing criteria
7.4.9 Willingness to pay and the green premium
7.4.10 Unmet demand and buyer pipeline
7.4.11 Demand-side trends and outlook
7.4.12 Regional demand shift
7.5 Mass balance, certification and regulation applied to PPO
7.5.1 Certification schemes
7.5.2 Attribution models
7.5.3 The 2025 EU mass balance Implementing Decision applied to PPO
7.5.4 Impact on PPO economics and buyer access
7.6 PPO pricing
7.6.1 Pricing mechanisms and benchmarks
7.6.2 Historical price ranges 2020-2025
7.6.3 Relationship to fossil naphtha, Brent and virgin polymer prices
7.6.4 Published price indices and commodity intelligence
7.6.5 Bio-attributed versus polymer-derived premiums
7.7 PPO market forecasts 2025-2040
7.7.1 Global PPO production volumes 2025-2040
7.7.2 PPO demand by end use 2025-2040
7.7.3 PPO demand by region 2025-2040
7.7.4 Synthetic naphtha output derived from PPO 2025-2040
7.7.5 Market value forecast 2025-2040
7.8 Competitive and substitution landscape
7.8.1 PPO versus bio-naphtha and e-naphtha
7.8.2 PPO versus mechanically recycled resin
7.8.3 SWOT analysis: PPO as a steam cracker feedstock
7.8.4 Barriers to buyer adoption
7.8.5 Depolymerisation scale-up as competing capacity
7.9 Market developments and investment climate 2024-2026
7.9.1 The 2024-2025 demand slowdown
7.9.2 The realisation gap
7.9.3 Project delays, bankruptcies and closures
7.9.4 Consolidation, M&A and vertical integration
7.9.5 Investment sentiment and regulatory certainty
7.9.6 What the 2025 EU decision changes for the pipeline
7.10 Pyrolysis Oil Producer and Buyer Directory
7.10.1 PPO producers: capacity, technology, output specification and offtake status
7.10.2 PPO buyers: contracted volumes, end use and certification status
7.10.3 Producer-buyer contract matrix
7.10.4 Synthetic naphtha producers sourcing PPO
8 MATERIALS ANALYSIS
8.1 Plastics
8.1.1 Polyethylene (PE)
8.1.1.1 HDPE Analysis
8.1.1.2 LLDPE Analysis
8.1.1.3 Recovery Methods
8.1.2 Polypropylene (PP)
8.1.2.1 Homopolymer
8.1.2.2 Copolymer
8.1.2.3 Processing Methods
8.1.2.4 Quality Grades
8.1.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
8.1.3.1 Bottle Grade
8.1.3.2 Fiber Grade
8.1.3.3 Film Grade
8.1.3.4 Recovery Technologies
8.1.4 Polystyrene (PS)
8.1.4.1 General Purpose PS
8.1.4.2 High Impact PS
8.1.4.3 Expanded PS
8.1.4.4 Processing Methods
8.1.5 Other Plastics
8.1.5.1 PVC
8.1.5.2 PC
8.1.5.3 ABS
8.1.5.4 Mixed Plastics
8.2 Metals
8.2.1 Precious Metals
8.2.1.1 Gold
8.2.1.2 Silver
8.2.1.3 Platinum Group Metals
8.2.1.4 Recovery Methods
8.3 Base Metals
8.3.1 Copper
8.3.2 Aluminium
8.3.3 Steel
8.3.4 Processing Technologies
8.4 Rare Earth Elements
8.4.1 Light REEs
8.4.2 Heavy REEs
8.4.3 Extraction Methods
8.5 Electronic Waste
8.5.1 Circuit Boards
8.5.1.1 PCB Types
8.5.1.2 Component Separation
8.5.1.3 Metal Recovery
8.5.1.4 Waste Management
8.5.2 Batteries
8.5.2.1 Lithium-ion
8.5.2.2 Lead-acid
8.5.2.3 Nickel-based
8.5.2.4 Recovery Processes
8.5.3 Displays
8.5.3.1 LCD
8.5.3.2 LED
8.5.3.3 OLED
8.5.3.4 Material Recovery
8.5.4 Other Components
8.5.4.1 Capacitors
8.5.4.2 Resistors
8.5.4.3 Semiconductors
8.5.4.4 Connectors
8.6 Textiles
8.6.1 Natural Fibers
8.6.2 Cotton
8.6.3 Wool
8.6.4 Silk
8.6.5 Processing Methods
8.7 Synthetic Fibers
8.7.1 Polyester
8.7.2 Nylon
8.7.3 Acrylic
8.7.4 Recovery Technologies
9 END PRODUCT ANALYSIS
9.1 Chemical Feedstocks
9.1.1 Monomers
9.1.2 Oligomers
9.1.3 Specialty Chemicals
9.1.4 Pyrolysis oil (PPO) as a chemical feedstock
9.1.4.1 Synthetic naphtha
9.1.4.2 Synthetic naphtha and drop-in fuel blendstocks
9.2 Recycled monomers
9.3 Syngas, methanol and hydrogen
9.4 Recovered carbon black and waxes
9.5 Mass-balance-attributed circular polymers
9.6 Fuels
9.6.1 Diesel
9.6.2 Gasoline
9.6.3 Synthetic Gas
9.7 Raw Materials
9.7.1 Recycled Plastics
9.7.2 Recovered Metals
9.7.3 Other Materials
9.8 Energy Products
9.8.1 Electricity
9.8.2 Heat
9.8.3 Biofuels
10 COMPANY PROFILES (197 COMPANY PROFILES)
11 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
12 REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Types of recycling.
Table 2. Key market developments, 2024 to mid-2026
Table 3. Advanced recycling capacity: listed versus operating
Table 4. Global plastics production 1950-2025, millions of tonnes.
Table 5. Issues related to the use of plastics.
Table 6. Type of biodegradation.
Table 7. Overview of the recycling technologies.
Table 8. Polymer types, use, and recovery.
Table 9. Composition of plastic waste streams.
Table 10. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
Table 11. Life cycle assessment of virgin plastic production, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling.
Table 12. Life cycle assessment of chemical recycling technologies (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization and dissolution).
Table 13. Market drivers and trends in the advanced chemical recycling market.
Table 14. Global regulations driving plastics recycling.
Table 15. Corporate Sustainability Initiatives.
Table 16. Technological Advancements.
Table 17. Technical Challenges.
Table 18. Technological Barriers.
Table 19. Cost Competitiveness Analysis.
Table 20. Advanced chemical recycling capacities, by technology.
Table 21. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Table 22. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Table 23. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Table 24. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Table 25. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Table 26. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).*
Table 27. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 28. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 29. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 30. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 31. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 32. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 33. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
Table 34. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced chemical recycling Processes.
Table 35. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene (PE).
Table 36. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polypropylene (PP).
Table 37. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Table 38. Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies.
Table 39. Chemically recycled plastics prices in USD.
Table 40. Feedstock components and their effect on pyrolysis oil yield and quality
Table 41. Advanced chemical recycling capacity and market size by technology
Table 42. Market size by output product
Table 43. Market size by end-use sector
Table 44. Market size by region
Table 45. US state classification of advanced recycling, 2025-2026
Table 46. Mass balance attribution methods compared
Table 47. Selected transactions and restructurings 2024-2026
Table 48. Project delays, bankruptcies and cancellations 2024-2026
Table 49. Applications of chemically recycled materials.
Table 50. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 51. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 52. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 53. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 54. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 55. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 56. Indicative pyrolysis oil yields by feedstock and reactor type
Table 57. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 58. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies.
Table 59. Summary of dissolution technologies.
Table 60. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 61. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.
Table 62. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 63. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 64. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 65. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 66. Summary of aminolysis technologies.
Table 67. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).
Table 68. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 69. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 70. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 71. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 72. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 73. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 74. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 75. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
Table 76. Current thermoset recycling routes.
Table 77. Companies developing advanced thermoset recycing routes.
Table 78. Comparison of Advanced Chemical Recycling with Traditional Recycling Methods.
Table 79. Energy Efficiency Comparison: Advanced Chemical Recycling vs. Mechanical Recycling
Table 80. Quality of Output Comparison.
Table 81. Cost Analysis of advanced plastic recycling versus traditional recycling methods.
Table 82. Carbon Footprint Analysis.
Table 83. Energy Consumption Assessment.
Table 84. Sustainability Metrics.
Table 85. AI and Machine Learning Applications.
Table 86. Types of Nano-catalysts.
Table 87. Types of bio-catalysts.
Table 88. PPO, bio-naphtha and e-naphtha compared
Table 89. PPO buyer typology
Table 90. Selected PPO offtake agreements 2024-2026
Table 91. PPO price points by market, Q4 2025 to Q2 2026 (USD/tonne)
Table 92. PPO demand by end use 2025-2040 (thousand tonnes)
Table 93. PPO demand by region 2025-2040 (thousand tonnes)
Table 94. Global PPO market value 2025-2040 (USD million)
Table 95. SWOT analysis: PPO as a steam cracker feedstock
Table 96.PPO producers by nameplate pyrolysis capacity
Table 97. Selected PPO buyers and offtake arrangements
Table 98. Producer-buyer contract matrix.
Table 99. Integrated pyrolysis-to-naphtha-to-cracker producers
Table 100. Advanced polyethylene recovery methods.
Table 101. Polypropylene processing methods for chemical recycling.
Table 102. PP Quality Grades from Chemical Recycling.
Table 103. Advanced PET recovery technologies .
Table 104. Advanced chemical recycling of metals.
Table 105. Precious metals recovery methods.
Table 106. Advanced processing technologies for base metal recycling .
Table 107. Rare Earth Elements Extraction Methods.
Table 108. Recovery Processes for Batteries.
Table 109. Advanced technologies for materials recovery in displays.
Table 110. Processing Methods for Natural Fiber Recycling.
Table 111. Recovery Technologies for Synthetic Fibers
Table 112. Monomers from chemical recycling.
Table 113. Oligomers from advanced recycling.
Table 1. Types of recycling.
Table 2. Key market developments, 2024 to mid-2026
Table 3. Advanced recycling capacity: listed versus operating
Table 4. Global plastics production 1950-2025, millions of tonnes.
Table 5. Issues related to the use of plastics.
Table 6. Type of biodegradation.
Table 7. Overview of the recycling technologies.
Table 8. Polymer types, use, and recovery.
Table 9. Composition of plastic waste streams.
Table 10. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
Table 11. Life cycle assessment of virgin plastic production, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling.
Table 12. Life cycle assessment of chemical recycling technologies (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization and dissolution).
Table 13. Market drivers and trends in the advanced chemical recycling market.
Table 14. Global regulations driving plastics recycling.
Table 15. Corporate Sustainability Initiatives.
Table 16. Technological Advancements.
Table 17. Technical Challenges.
Table 18. Technological Barriers.
Table 19. Cost Competitiveness Analysis.
Table 20. Advanced chemical recycling capacities, by technology.
Table 21. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Table 22. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Table 23. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Table 24. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Table 25. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Table 26. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).*
Table 27. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 28. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 29. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 30. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 31. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 32. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 33. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
Table 34. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced chemical recycling Processes.
Table 35. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene (PE).
Table 36. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polypropylene (PP).
Table 37. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Table 38. Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies.
Table 39. Chemically recycled plastics prices in USD.
Table 40. Feedstock components and their effect on pyrolysis oil yield and quality
Table 41. Advanced chemical recycling capacity and market size by technology
Table 42. Market size by output product
Table 43. Market size by end-use sector
Table 44. Market size by region
Table 45. US state classification of advanced recycling, 2025-2026
Table 46. Mass balance attribution methods compared
Table 47. Selected transactions and restructurings 2024-2026
Table 48. Project delays, bankruptcies and cancellations 2024-2026
Table 49. Applications of chemically recycled materials.
Table 50. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 51. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 52. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 53. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 54. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 55. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 56. Indicative pyrolysis oil yields by feedstock and reactor type
Table 57. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 58. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies.
Table 59. Summary of dissolution technologies.
Table 60. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 61. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.
Table 62. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 63. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 64. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 65. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 66. Summary of aminolysis technologies.
Table 67. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).
Table 68. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 69. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 70. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 71. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 72. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 73. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 74. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 75. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
Table 76. Current thermoset recycling routes.
Table 77. Companies developing advanced thermoset recycing routes.
Table 78. Comparison of Advanced Chemical Recycling with Traditional Recycling Methods.
Table 79. Energy Efficiency Comparison: Advanced Chemical Recycling vs. Mechanical Recycling
Table 80. Quality of Output Comparison.
Table 81. Cost Analysis of advanced plastic recycling versus traditional recycling methods.
Table 82. Carbon Footprint Analysis.
Table 83. Energy Consumption Assessment.
Table 84. Sustainability Metrics.
Table 85. AI and Machine Learning Applications.
Table 86. Types of Nano-catalysts.
Table 87. Types of bio-catalysts.
Table 88. PPO, bio-naphtha and e-naphtha compared
Table 89. PPO buyer typology
Table 90. Selected PPO offtake agreements 2024-2026
Table 91. PPO price points by market, Q4 2025 to Q2 2026 (USD/tonne)
Table 92. PPO demand by end use 2025-2040 (thousand tonnes)
Table 93. PPO demand by region 2025-2040 (thousand tonnes)
Table 94. Global PPO market value 2025-2040 (USD million)
Table 95. SWOT analysis: PPO as a steam cracker feedstock
Table 96.PPO producers by nameplate pyrolysis capacity
Table 97. Selected PPO buyers and offtake arrangements
Table 98. Producer-buyer contract matrix.
Table 99. Integrated pyrolysis-to-naphtha-to-cracker producers
Table 100. Advanced polyethylene recovery methods.
Table 101. Polypropylene processing methods for chemical recycling.
Table 102. PP Quality Grades from Chemical Recycling.
Table 103. Advanced PET recovery technologies .
Table 104. Advanced chemical recycling of metals.
Table 105. Precious metals recovery methods.
Table 106. Advanced processing technologies for base metal recycling .
Table 107. Rare Earth Elements Extraction Methods.
Table 108. Recovery Processes for Batteries.
Table 109. Advanced technologies for materials recovery in displays.
Table 110. Processing Methods for Natural Fiber Recycling.
Table 111. Recovery Technologies for Synthetic Fibers
Table 112. Monomers from chemical recycling.
Table 113. Oligomers from advanced recycling.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 2. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 3. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives.
Figure 4. The circular plastic economy.
Figure 5. Current management systems for waste plastics.
Figure 6. Overview of the different circular pathways for plastics.
Figure 7. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Figure 8. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Figure 9. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Figure 10. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Figure 11. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Figure 12. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).
Figure 13. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 14. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 15. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 16. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 17. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 18. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 19. Market map for advanced plastics recycling.
Figure 20. Value chain for advanced chemical recycling market.
Figure 21. Plastic waste feedstock availability by region 2025-2040 (million tonnes)
Figure 22. Advanced chemical recycling capacity by technology. Source: Future Markets, plant-level database.
Figure 23. Advanced chemical recycling demand by end-use sector. Source: Future Markets, from OECD Global Plastics Outlook waste-arising shares.
Figure 24. Advanced chemical recycling capacity by region. Source: Future Markets, plant-level database.
Figure 25. EU regulatory timeline for chemically recycled content, 2024-2030.
Figure 26. US state classification of advanced recycling, 2025.
Figure 27. Mass balance attribution methods compared: claimable recycled content per 100 tonnes of eligible waste input.
Figure 28. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 29. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 30. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 31. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 32. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.
Figure 33. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 34. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 35. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 36. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.
Figure 37. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.
Figure 38. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 39. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 40. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 41. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 42. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 43. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 44. Pyrolysis capacity by stated operation-start year: operating base against announced additions.
Figure 45. PPO supply by region.
Figure 46. Leading PPO producers by nameplate pyrolysis capacity.
Figure 47. PPO market trajectory to 2040: demand baseline against nameplate and realisation-adjusted supply (indexed, 2025 = 100).
Figure 48. PPO demand by end use 2025-2040.
Figure 49. PPO demand by region 2025-2040.
Figure 50. Global PPO market value 2025-2040.
Figure 51. Alterra’s Akron Plant in Ohio.
Figure 52. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 53. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 54. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process.
Figure 55. Cassandra Oil process.
Figure 56. CuRe Technology process.
Figure 57. MoReTec.
Figure 58. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.
Figure 59. OMV ReOil process.
Figure 60. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy’s TAC Chemical Recycling.
Figure 61. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.
Figure 62. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers.
Figure 63. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right).
Figure 64. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process.
Figure 65. The Velocys process.
Figure 66. The Proesa® Process.
Figure 67. Worn Again products.
Figure 1. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 2. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 3. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives.
Figure 4. The circular plastic economy.
Figure 5. Current management systems for waste plastics.
Figure 6. Overview of the different circular pathways for plastics.
Figure 7. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Figure 8. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Figure 9. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Figure 10. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Figure 11. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Figure 12. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).
Figure 13. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 14. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 15. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 16. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 17. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 18. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 19. Market map for advanced plastics recycling.
Figure 20. Value chain for advanced chemical recycling market.
Figure 21. Plastic waste feedstock availability by region 2025-2040 (million tonnes)
Figure 22. Advanced chemical recycling capacity by technology. Source: Future Markets, plant-level database.
Figure 23. Advanced chemical recycling demand by end-use sector. Source: Future Markets, from OECD Global Plastics Outlook waste-arising shares.
Figure 24. Advanced chemical recycling capacity by region. Source: Future Markets, plant-level database.
Figure 25. EU regulatory timeline for chemically recycled content, 2024-2030.
Figure 26. US state classification of advanced recycling, 2025.
Figure 27. Mass balance attribution methods compared: claimable recycled content per 100 tonnes of eligible waste input.
Figure 28. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 29. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 30. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 31. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 32. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.
Figure 33. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 34. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 35. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 36. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.
Figure 37. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.
Figure 38. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 39. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 40. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 41. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 42. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 43. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 44. Pyrolysis capacity by stated operation-start year: operating base against announced additions.
Figure 45. PPO supply by region.
Figure 46. Leading PPO producers by nameplate pyrolysis capacity.
Figure 47. PPO market trajectory to 2040: demand baseline against nameplate and realisation-adjusted supply (indexed, 2025 = 100).
Figure 48. PPO demand by end use 2025-2040.
Figure 49. PPO demand by region 2025-2040.
Figure 50. Global PPO market value 2025-2040.
Figure 51. Alterra’s Akron Plant in Ohio.
Figure 52. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 53. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 54. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process.
Figure 55. Cassandra Oil process.
Figure 56. CuRe Technology process.
Figure 57. MoReTec.
Figure 58. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.
Figure 59. OMV ReOil process.
Figure 60. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy’s TAC Chemical Recycling.
Figure 61. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.
Figure 62. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers.
Figure 63. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right).
Figure 64. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process.
Figure 65. The Velocys process.
Figure 66. The Proesa® Process.
Figure 67. Worn Again products.
