Serrated Type Grating-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Serrated Type Grating-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Serrated Type Grating industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Serrated Type Grating 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Serrated Type Grating worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Serrated Type Grating market
Market status and development trend of Serrated Type Grating by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Serrated Type Grating, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Serrated Type Grating market as:
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Glass Type
Polymer Type
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Optical Instrument
Consumer Goods
Others
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Serrated Type Grating Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
McNichols
Weland AB
Anping Jintai
Herbert Panne GmbH
VK Group
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Serrated Type Grating-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Serrated Type Grating industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Serrated Type Grating 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Serrated Type Grating worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Serrated Type Grating market
Market status and development trend of Serrated Type Grating by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Serrated Type Grating, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Serrated Type Grating market as:
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Glass Type
Polymer Type
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Optical Instrument
Consumer Goods
Others
Global Serrated Type Grating Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Serrated Type Grating Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
McNichols
Weland AB
Anping Jintai
Herbert Panne GmbH
VK Group
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
1.1 Definition of Serrated Type Grating in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Serrated Type Grating
1.2.1 Glass Type
1.2.2 Polymer Type
1.3 Downstream Application of Serrated Type Grating
1.3.1 Optical Instrument
1.3.2 Consumer Goods
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Serrated Type Grating
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Serrated Type Grating 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Serrated Type Grating Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Serrated Type Grating Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Serrated Type Grating 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Serrated Type Grating by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Serrated Type Grating Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SERRATED TYPE GRATING MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Serrated Type Grating by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Serrated Type Grating by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Serrated Type Grating Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Serrated Type Grating Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SERRATED TYPE GRATING MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 McNichols
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.1.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of McNichols
12.2 Weland AB
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.2.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Weland AB
12.3 Anping Jintai
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.3.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Anping Jintai
12.4 Herbert Panne GmbH
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.4.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Herbert Panne GmbH
12.5 VK Group
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.5.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VK Group
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
13.1 Industry Chain of Serrated Type Grating
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Serrated Type Grating in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Serrated Type Grating
1.2.1 Glass Type
1.2.2 Polymer Type
1.3 Downstream Application of Serrated Type Grating
1.3.1 Optical Instrument
1.3.2 Consumer Goods
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Development History of Serrated Type Grating
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Serrated Type Grating 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Serrated Type Grating Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Serrated Type Grating Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Serrated Type Grating 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Serrated Type Grating by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Serrated Type Grating by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Serrated Type Grating by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Serrated Type Grating Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Serrated Type Grating Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SERRATED TYPE GRATING MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Serrated Type Grating by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Serrated Type Grating by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Serrated Type Grating by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Serrated Type Grating Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Serrated Type Grating Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SERRATED TYPE GRATING MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 McNichols
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.1.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of McNichols
12.2 Weland AB
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.2.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Weland AB
12.3 Anping Jintai
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.3.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Anping Jintai
12.4 Herbert Panne GmbH
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.4.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Herbert Panne GmbH
12.5 VK Group
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Serrated Type Grating Product
12.5.3 Serrated Type Grating Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of VK Group
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
13.1 Industry Chain of Serrated Type Grating
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SERRATED TYPE GRATING
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Serrated Type Grating
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
