Aluminium Metals-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Aluminium Metals-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Aluminium Metals industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Aluminium Metals 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Aluminium Metals worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Aluminium Metals market
Market status and development trend of Aluminium Metals by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Aluminium Metals, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Aluminium Metals market as:
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
High Pure Aluminium
Industrial High Purity Aluminum
Industrial Pure Aluminum
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Plane
Train
Car
Ship
Other
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Aluminium Metals Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco)
RUSAL
Alcoa
National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
Emirates Global Aluminium
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Aluminium Metals-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Aluminium Metals industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Aluminium Metals 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Aluminium Metals worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Aluminium Metals market
Market status and development trend of Aluminium Metals by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Aluminium Metals, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Aluminium Metals market as:
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
High Pure Aluminium
Industrial High Purity Aluminum
Industrial Pure Aluminum
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Plane
Train
Car
Ship
Other
Global Aluminium Metals Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Aluminium Metals Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco)
RUSAL
Alcoa
National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
Emirates Global Aluminium
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ALUMINIUM METALS
1.1 Definition of Aluminium Metals in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Aluminium Metals
1.2.1 High Pure Aluminium
1.2.2 Industrial High Purity Aluminum
1.2.3 Industrial Pure Aluminum
1.3 Downstream Application of Aluminium Metals
1.3.1 Plane
1.3.2 Train
1.3.3 Car
1.3.4 Ship
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Aluminium Metals
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Aluminium Metals 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Aluminium Metals Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Aluminium Metals Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Aluminium Metals 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Aluminium Metals by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Aluminium Metals by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Aluminium Metals by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM METALS
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Aluminium Metals Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 ALUMINIUM METALS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Aluminium Metals by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Aluminium Metals by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Aluminium Metals by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Aluminium Metals Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Aluminium Metals Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 ALUMINIUM METALS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco)
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.1.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco)
12.2 RUSAL
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.2.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RUSAL
12.3 Alcoa
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.3.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alcoa
12.4 National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.4.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
12.5 Emirates Global Aluminium
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.5.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Emirates Global Aluminium
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM METALS
13.1 Industry Chain of Aluminium Metals
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM METALS
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Aluminium Metals
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Aluminium Metals
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Aluminium Metals
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Aluminium Metals
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Aluminium Metals in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Aluminium Metals
1.2.1 High Pure Aluminium
1.2.2 Industrial High Purity Aluminum
1.2.3 Industrial Pure Aluminum
1.3 Downstream Application of Aluminium Metals
1.3.1 Plane
1.3.2 Train
1.3.3 Car
1.3.4 Ship
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Aluminium Metals
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Aluminium Metals 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Aluminium Metals Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Aluminium Metals Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Aluminium Metals 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Aluminium Metals by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Aluminium Metals by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Aluminium Metals by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Aluminium Metals by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Aluminium Metals by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Aluminium Metals Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM METALS
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Aluminium Metals Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 ALUMINIUM METALS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Aluminium Metals by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Aluminium Metals by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Aluminium Metals by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Aluminium Metals Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Aluminium Metals Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 ALUMINIUM METALS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco)
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.1.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco)
12.2 RUSAL
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.2.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RUSAL
12.3 Alcoa
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.3.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Alcoa
12.4 National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.4.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
12.5 Emirates Global Aluminium
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Aluminium Metals Product
12.5.3 Aluminium Metals Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Emirates Global Aluminium
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM METALS
13.1 Industry Chain of Aluminium Metals
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM METALS
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Aluminium Metals
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Aluminium Metals
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Aluminium Metals
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Aluminium Metals
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
