Aluminium-based Master Alloy-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Aluminium-based Master Alloy-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Aluminium-based Master Alloy industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Aluminium-based Master Alloy 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Aluminium-based Master Alloy market
Market status and development trend of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Aluminium-based Master Alloy, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy market as:
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Primary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
Secondary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Packaging Industry
Energy
Automotive
Building and Construction
Other
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
AMG
KBM Affilips
Reading Alloys
SLM
Minex Metallurgical
Avon Metals
Saru Aikoh
Bamco
ACME
Hebei Sitong New Metal Material
Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloy Materials
XZ Huasheng
Nanjing Yunhai Special Metals
Sichuan Lande Industry
Xuzhou Huatian Metal Flux
Aida Alloys
Jiangxi Hongke Special Alloys
Huazhong Aluminium
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Aluminium-based Master Alloy-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Aluminium-based Master Alloy industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Aluminium-based Master Alloy 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Aluminium-based Master Alloy market
Market status and development trend of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Aluminium-based Master Alloy, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy market as:
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Primary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
Secondary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Packaging Industry
Energy
Automotive
Building and Construction
Other
United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
AMG
KBM Affilips
Reading Alloys
SLM
Minex Metallurgical
Avon Metals
Saru Aikoh
Bamco
ACME
Hebei Sitong New Metal Material
Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloy Materials
XZ Huasheng
Nanjing Yunhai Special Metals
Sichuan Lande Industry
Xuzhou Huatian Metal Flux
Aida Alloys
Jiangxi Hongke Special Alloys
Huazhong Aluminium
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
1.1 Definition of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.2.1 Primary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.2.2 Secondary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.3 Downstream Application of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.3.1 Packaging Industry
1.3.2 Energy
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Building and Construction
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Aluminium-based Master Alloy 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Aluminium-based Master Alloy Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Aluminium-based Master Alloy Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 AMG
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.1.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AMG
7.2 KBM Affilips
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.2.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KBM Affilips
7.3 Reading Alloys
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.3.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Reading Alloys
7.4 SLM
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.4.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SLM
7.5 Minex Metallurgical
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.5.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Minex Metallurgical
7.6 Avon Metals
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.6.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Avon Metals
7.7 Saru Aikoh
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.7.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Saru Aikoh
7.8 Bamco
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.8.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bamco
7.9 ACME
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.9.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ACME
7.10 Hebei Sitong New Metal Material
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.10.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hebei Sitong New Metal Material
7.11 Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloy Materials
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.11.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloy Materials
7.12 XZ Huasheng
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.12.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of XZ Huasheng
7.13 Nanjing Yunhai Special Metals
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.13.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nanjing Yunhai Special Metals
7.14 Sichuan Lande Industry
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.14.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sichuan Lande Industry
7.15 Xuzhou Huatian Metal Flux
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.15.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xuzhou Huatian Metal Flux
7.16 Aida Alloys
7.17 Jiangxi Hongke Special Alloys
7.18 Huazhong Aluminium
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
8.1 Industry Chain of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.2.1 Primary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.2.2 Secondary Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.3 Downstream Application of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.3.1 Packaging Industry
1.3.2 Energy
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Building and Construction
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Aluminium-based Master Alloy 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Aluminium-based Master Alloy Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Aluminium-based Master Alloy in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Aluminium-based Master Alloy by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Aluminium-based Master Alloy Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Aluminium-based Master Alloy Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 AMG
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.1.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AMG
7.2 KBM Affilips
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.2.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of KBM Affilips
7.3 Reading Alloys
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.3.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Reading Alloys
7.4 SLM
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.4.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SLM
7.5 Minex Metallurgical
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.5.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Minex Metallurgical
7.6 Avon Metals
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.6.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Avon Metals
7.7 Saru Aikoh
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.7.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Saru Aikoh
7.8 Bamco
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.8.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bamco
7.9 ACME
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.9.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ACME
7.10 Hebei Sitong New Metal Material
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.10.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hebei Sitong New Metal Material
7.11 Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloy Materials
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.11.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shenzhen Sunxing Light Alloy Materials
7.12 XZ Huasheng
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.12.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of XZ Huasheng
7.13 Nanjing Yunhai Special Metals
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.13.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nanjing Yunhai Special Metals
7.14 Sichuan Lande Industry
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.14.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sichuan Lande Industry
7.15 Xuzhou Huatian Metal Flux
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Aluminium-based Master Alloy Product
7.15.3 Aluminium-based Master Alloy Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xuzhou Huatian Metal Flux
7.16 Aida Alloys
7.17 Jiangxi Hongke Special Alloys
7.18 Huazhong Aluminium
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
8.1 Industry Chain of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Aluminium-based Master Alloy
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM-BASED MASTER ALLOY
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
