Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) market
Market status and development trend of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) market as:
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Valeryl Chloride ?98.0%
Valeryl Chloride ?99.0%
Other
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Liquid Crystals
Pharmaceutical & Pesticide Intermediates
Other
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
BASF
Jiangsu Baichang Pharmaceutical
Leonid Chemicals
Jinnan Fufang Chemical
CABB Chemicals
Lianfeng Chemicals
Shandong Jiahong Chemical
Hangzhou Fanda Chemical
Huzhou Salon Chemical
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) market
Market status and development trend of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) market as:
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Valeryl Chloride ?98.0%
Valeryl Chloride ?99.0%
Other
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Liquid Crystals
Pharmaceutical & Pesticide Intermediates
Other
Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
BASF
Jiangsu Baichang Pharmaceutical
Leonid Chemicals
Jinnan Fufang Chemical
CABB Chemicals
Lianfeng Chemicals
Shandong Jiahong Chemical
Hangzhou Fanda Chemical
Huzhou Salon Chemical
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
1.1 Definition of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
1.2.1 Valeryl Chloride ?98.0%
1.2.2 Valeryl Chloride ?99.0%
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
1.3.1 Liquid Crystals
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical & Pesticide Intermediates
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 BASF
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.1.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.2 Jiangsu Baichang Pharmaceutical
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.2.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jiangsu Baichang Pharmaceutical
7.3 Leonid Chemicals
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.3.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Leonid Chemicals
7.4 Jinnan Fufang Chemical
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.4.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinnan Fufang Chemical
7.5 CABB Chemicals
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.5.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CABB Chemicals
7.6 Lianfeng Chemicals
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.6.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lianfeng Chemicals
7.7 Shandong Jiahong Chemical
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.7.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Jiahong Chemical
7.8 Hangzhou Fanda Chemical
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.8.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hangzhou Fanda Chemical
7.9 Huzhou Salon Chemical
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.9.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huzhou Salon Chemical
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
8.1 Industry Chain of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
1.2.1 Valeryl Chloride ?98.0%
1.2.2 Valeryl Chloride ?99.0%
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
1.3.1 Liquid Crystals
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical & Pesticide Intermediates
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 BASF
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.1.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.2 Jiangsu Baichang Pharmaceutical
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.2.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jiangsu Baichang Pharmaceutical
7.3 Leonid Chemicals
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.3.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Leonid Chemicals
7.4 Jinnan Fufang Chemical
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.4.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinnan Fufang Chemical
7.5 CABB Chemicals
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.5.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of CABB Chemicals
7.6 Lianfeng Chemicals
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.6.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lianfeng Chemicals
7.7 Shandong Jiahong Chemical
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.7.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Jiahong Chemical
7.8 Hangzhou Fanda Chemical
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.8.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hangzhou Fanda Chemical
7.9 Huzhou Salon Chemical
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Product
7.9.3 Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huzhou Salon Chemical
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
8.1 Industry Chain of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Valeryl Chloride (CAS 638-29-9)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF VALERYL CHLORIDE (CAS 638-29-9)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
