Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2015-2026
REPORT SUMMARY
Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2015-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) 2015-2019, and development forecast 2020-2026
Main market players of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) market
Market status and development trend of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) industry.
The report segments the Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) market as:
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2015-2026):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2015-2026):
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
Non-Indium Tin Oxide
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2015-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Displays
Touchscreen Panels
Solar Panels
Others
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Nitto Denko Corporation
C3nano
Toyobo
Teij
Cambrios Technologies
TDK Corporation
Blue Nano
Canatu
Gunze
Dontech
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2015-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) 2015-2019, and development forecast 2020-2026
Main market players of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) market
Market status and development trend of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) industry.
The report segments the Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) market as:
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2015-2026):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2015-2026):
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
Non-Indium Tin Oxide
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2015-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Displays
Touchscreen Panels
Solar Panels
Others
Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Nitto Denko Corporation
C3nano
Toyobo
Teij
Cambrios Technologies
TDK Corporation
Blue Nano
Canatu
Gunze
Dontech
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
1.1 Definition of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
1.2.1 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
1.2.2 Non-Indium Tin Oxide
1.3 Downstream Application of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
1.3.1 Displays
1.3.2 Touchscreen Panels
1.3.3 Solar Panels
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) 2015-2026
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market Status and Trend 2015-2026
1.5.2 Regional Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market Status and Trend 2015-2026
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific 2015-2019
2.2 Consumption Market of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in China 2015-2019
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Japan 2015-2019
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Korea 2015-2019
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in India 2015-2019
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Southeast Asia 2015-2019
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Australia 2015-2019
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific 2020-2026
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific 2020-2026
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Regions 2020-2026
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Nitto Denko Corporation
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.1.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nitto Denko Corporation
7.2 C3nano
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.2.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of C3nano
7.3 Toyobo
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.3.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toyobo
7.4 Teij
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.4.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Teij
7.5 Cambrios Technologies
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.5.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cambrios Technologies
7.6 TDK Corporation
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.6.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TDK Corporation
7.7 Blue Nano
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.7.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Blue Nano
7.8 Canatu
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.8.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Canatu
7.9 Gunze
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.9.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gunze
7.10 Dontech
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.10.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dontech
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
8.1 Industry Chain of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
1.2.1 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
1.2.2 Non-Indium Tin Oxide
1.3 Downstream Application of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
1.3.1 Displays
1.3.2 Touchscreen Panels
1.3.3 Solar Panels
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Development History of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) 2015-2026
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market Status and Trend 2015-2026
1.5.2 Regional Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market Status and Trend 2015-2026
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific 2015-2019
2.2 Consumption Market of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in China 2015-2019
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Japan 2015-2019
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Korea 2015-2019
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in India 2015-2019
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Southeast Asia 2015-2019
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Australia 2015-2019
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific 2020-2026
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific 2020-2026
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Regions 2020-2026
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Nitto Denko Corporation
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.1.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nitto Denko Corporation
7.2 C3nano
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.2.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of C3nano
7.3 Toyobo
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.3.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toyobo
7.4 Teij
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.4.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Teij
7.5 Cambrios Technologies
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.5.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cambrios Technologies
7.6 TDK Corporation
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.6.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TDK Corporation
7.7 Blue Nano
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.7.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Blue Nano
7.8 Canatu
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.8.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Canatu
7.9 Gunze
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.9.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gunze
7.10 Dontech
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Product
7.10.3 Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dontech
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
8.1 Industry Chain of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFS)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
