Specialty Silica-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Specialty Silica-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Specialty Silica industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Specialty Silica 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Specialty Silica worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Specialty Silica market
Market status and development trend of Specialty Silica by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Specialty Silica, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Specialty Silica market as:
Global Specialty Silica Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Specialty Silica Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Precipitated
Fumed
Fused
Sillica Gel
Colloidal
Global Specialty Silica Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Rubber
Plastic
Ink & Electronics
Global Specialty Silica Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Specialty Silica Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Akzo Nobel
Cabot
Evonik
Nalco Holdings
PPG Industries
Wacker Chemie
Qingdao Makall Group
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Specialty Silica-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Specialty Silica industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Specialty Silica 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Specialty Silica worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Specialty Silica market
Market status and development trend of Specialty Silica by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Specialty Silica, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Specialty Silica market as:
Global Specialty Silica Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Specialty Silica Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Precipitated
Fumed
Fused
Sillica Gel
Colloidal
Global Specialty Silica Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Rubber
Plastic
Ink & Electronics
Global Specialty Silica Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Specialty Silica Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Akzo Nobel
Cabot
Evonik
Nalco Holdings
PPG Industries
Wacker Chemie
Qingdao Makall Group
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SPECIALTY SILICA
1.1 Definition of Specialty Silica in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Specialty Silica
1.2.1 Precipitated
1.2.2 Fumed
1.2.3 Fused
1.2.4 Sillica Gel
1.2.5 Colloidal
1.3 Downstream Application of Specialty Silica
1.3.1 Rubber
1.3.2 Plastic
1.3.3 Ink & Electronics
1.4 Development History of Specialty Silica
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Specialty Silica 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Specialty Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Specialty Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Specialty Silica 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Specialty Silica 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Specialty Silica 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Specialty Silica by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Specialty Silica by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Specialty Silica by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Specialty Silica by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Specialty Silica by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Specialty Silica by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SPECIALTY SILICA
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Specialty Silica Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SPECIALTY SILICA MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Specialty Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Specialty Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Specialty Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Specialty Silica Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Specialty Silica Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SPECIALTY SILICA MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Akzo Nobel
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.1.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Akzo Nobel
12.2 Cabot
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.2.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cabot
12.3 Evonik
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.3.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik
12.4 Nalco Holdings
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.4.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nalco Holdings
12.5 PPG Industries
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.5.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PPG Industries
12.6 Wacker Chemie
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.6.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wacker Chemie
12.7 Qingdao Makall Group
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.7.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Qingdao Makall Group
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SPECIALTY SILICA
13.1 Industry Chain of Specialty Silica
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SPECIALTY SILICA
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Specialty Silica
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Specialty Silica
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Specialty Silica
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Specialty Silica
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Specialty Silica in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Specialty Silica
1.2.1 Precipitated
1.2.2 Fumed
1.2.3 Fused
1.2.4 Sillica Gel
1.2.5 Colloidal
1.3 Downstream Application of Specialty Silica
1.3.1 Rubber
1.3.2 Plastic
1.3.3 Ink & Electronics
1.4 Development History of Specialty Silica
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Specialty Silica 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Specialty Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Specialty Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Specialty Silica 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Specialty Silica by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Specialty Silica 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Specialty Silica 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Specialty Silica by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Specialty Silica by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Specialty Silica by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Specialty Silica by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Specialty Silica by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Specialty Silica by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Specialty Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Specialty Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SPECIALTY SILICA
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Specialty Silica Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 SPECIALTY SILICA MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Specialty Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Specialty Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Specialty Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Specialty Silica Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Specialty Silica Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 SPECIALTY SILICA MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Akzo Nobel
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.1.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Akzo Nobel
12.2 Cabot
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.2.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cabot
12.3 Evonik
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.3.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik
12.4 Nalco Holdings
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.4.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nalco Holdings
12.5 PPG Industries
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.5.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PPG Industries
12.6 Wacker Chemie
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.6.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wacker Chemie
12.7 Qingdao Makall Group
12.7.1 Company profile
12.7.2 Representative Specialty Silica Product
12.7.3 Specialty Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Qingdao Makall Group
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SPECIALTY SILICA
13.1 Industry Chain of Specialty Silica
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SPECIALTY SILICA
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Specialty Silica
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Specialty Silica
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Specialty Silica
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Specialty Silica
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
