Soluble Fertilizer-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Soluble Fertilizer-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Soluble Fertilizer industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Soluble Fertilizer 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Soluble Fertilizer in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Soluble Fertilizer market
Market status and development trend of Soluble Fertilizer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Soluble Fertilizer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Soluble Fertilizer market as:
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Water-soluble NPK
Mid-amount elements of water-soluble fertilizer
Trace elements in water-soluble fertilizer
Amino acid Soluble Fertilizer
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
flowers
Soilless Cultivation
Other
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Soluble Fertilizer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Haifa Chemicals(IL)
Yara(NO)
Arab Potash Company(JO)
Omex(GB)
Everris(NL)
Bunge(US)
PotashCorp(CA)
UralChem(RU)
ICL Fertilizers(IL)
Sinclair(GB)
Grow More(US)
EuroChem Group(CH)
Mosaicco(US)
Nutrite(US)
Aries Agro(IN)
Abu Dhabi Fertilizer Industries(AE)
Dongbu Farm Hannong(KR)
Stanley(CN)
Hebei Monbang(CN)
CNAMPGC Holding(CN)
Hanfeng(CN)
Batian(CN)
Kingenta(CN)
Sichuan Guoguang Agrochemical(CN)
Beijing Jinggeng Tianxia Agricultural Science and Technology(CN)
Strongwill group(CN)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Soluble Fertilizer-China Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Soluble Fertilizer industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole China and Regional Market Size of Soluble Fertilizer 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Soluble Fertilizer in China, with company and product introduction, position in the Soluble Fertilizer market
Market status and development trend of Soluble Fertilizer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Soluble Fertilizer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the China Soluble Fertilizer market as:
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North China
Northeast China
East China
Central & South China
Southwest China
Northwest China
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Water-soluble NPK
Mid-amount elements of water-soluble fertilizer
Trace elements in water-soluble fertilizer
Amino acid Soluble Fertilizer
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
flowers
Soilless Cultivation
Other
China Soluble Fertilizer Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Soluble Fertilizer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Haifa Chemicals(IL)
Yara(NO)
Arab Potash Company(JO)
Omex(GB)
Everris(NL)
Bunge(US)
PotashCorp(CA)
UralChem(RU)
ICL Fertilizers(IL)
Sinclair(GB)
Grow More(US)
EuroChem Group(CH)
Mosaicco(US)
Nutrite(US)
Aries Agro(IN)
Abu Dhabi Fertilizer Industries(AE)
Dongbu Farm Hannong(KR)
Stanley(CN)
Hebei Monbang(CN)
CNAMPGC Holding(CN)
Hanfeng(CN)
Batian(CN)
Kingenta(CN)
Sichuan Guoguang Agrochemical(CN)
Beijing Jinggeng Tianxia Agricultural Science and Technology(CN)
Strongwill group(CN)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
1.1 Definition of Soluble Fertilizer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Soluble Fertilizer
1.2.1 Water-soluble NPK
1.2.2 Mid-amount elements of water-soluble fertilizer
1.2.3 Trace elements in water-soluble fertilizer
1.2.4 Amino acid Soluble Fertilizer
1.3 Downstream Application of Soluble Fertilizer
1.3.1 flowers
1.3.2 Soilless Cultivation
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Soluble Fertilizer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Soluble Fertilizer 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Soluble Fertilizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Soluble Fertilizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Soluble Fertilizer in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Soluble Fertilizer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 SOLUBLE FERTILIZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Soluble Fertilizer by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Soluble Fertilizer Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Soluble Fertilizer Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 SOLUBLE FERTILIZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Haifa Chemicals(IL)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.1.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Haifa Chemicals(IL)
7.2 Yara(NO)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.2.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yara(NO)
7.3 Arab Potash Company(JO)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.3.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arab Potash Company(JO)
7.4 Omex(GB)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.4.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Omex(GB)
7.5 Everris(NL)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.5.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Everris(NL)
7.6 Bunge(US)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.6.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bunge(US)
7.7 PotashCorp(CA)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.7.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PotashCorp(CA)
7.8 UralChem(RU)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.8.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of UralChem(RU)
7.9 ICL Fertilizers(IL)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.9.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ICL Fertilizers(IL)
7.10 Sinclair(GB)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.10.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sinclair(GB)
7.11 Grow More(US)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.11.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Grow More(US)
7.12 EuroChem Group(CH)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.12.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EuroChem Group(CH)
7.13 Mosaicco(US)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.13.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mosaicco(US)
7.14 Nutrite(US)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.14.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nutrite(US)
7.15 Aries Agro(IN)
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.15.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aries Agro(IN)
7.16 Abu Dhabi Fertilizer Industries(AE)
7.17 Dongbu Farm Hannong(KR)
7.18 Stanley(CN)
7.19 Hebei Monbang(CN)
7.20 CNAMPGC Holding(CN)
7.21 Hanfeng(CN)
7.22 Batian(CN)
7.23 Kingenta(CN)
7.24 Sichuan Guoguang Agrochemical(CN)
7.25 Beijing Jinggeng Tianxia Agricultural Science and Technology(CN)
7.26 Strongwill group(CN)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
8.1 Industry Chain of Soluble Fertilizer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Soluble Fertilizer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Soluble Fertilizer
1.2.1 Water-soluble NPK
1.2.2 Mid-amount elements of water-soluble fertilizer
1.2.3 Trace elements in water-soluble fertilizer
1.2.4 Amino acid Soluble Fertilizer
1.3 Downstream Application of Soluble Fertilizer
1.3.1 flowers
1.3.2 Soilless Cultivation
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Soluble Fertilizer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Soluble Fertilizer 2013-2023
1.5.1 China Soluble Fertilizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Soluble Fertilizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Soluble Fertilizer in China 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in North China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Northeast China 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in East China 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Central & South China 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Southwest China 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer in Northwest China 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole China Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Types
3.2 China Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in North China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Northeast China
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in East China
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Central & South China
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southwest China
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Northwest China
3.3 Market Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Types
CHAPTER 4 CHINA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in North China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Northeast China
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in East China
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Central & South China
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Southwest China
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Soluble Fertilizer by Downstream Industry in Northwest China
4.3 Market Forecast of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
5.1 China Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Soluble Fertilizer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 SOLUBLE FERTILIZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN CHINA
6.1 Sales Volume of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Soluble Fertilizer in China by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Soluble Fertilizer by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Soluble Fertilizer Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Soluble Fertilizer Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 SOLUBLE FERTILIZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Haifa Chemicals(IL)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.1.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Haifa Chemicals(IL)
7.2 Yara(NO)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.2.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yara(NO)
7.3 Arab Potash Company(JO)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.3.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arab Potash Company(JO)
7.4 Omex(GB)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.4.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Omex(GB)
7.5 Everris(NL)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.5.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Everris(NL)
7.6 Bunge(US)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.6.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bunge(US)
7.7 PotashCorp(CA)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.7.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PotashCorp(CA)
7.8 UralChem(RU)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.8.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of UralChem(RU)
7.9 ICL Fertilizers(IL)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.9.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ICL Fertilizers(IL)
7.10 Sinclair(GB)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.10.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sinclair(GB)
7.11 Grow More(US)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.11.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Grow More(US)
7.12 EuroChem Group(CH)
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.12.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of EuroChem Group(CH)
7.13 Mosaicco(US)
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.13.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mosaicco(US)
7.14 Nutrite(US)
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.14.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nutrite(US)
7.15 Aries Agro(IN)
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Soluble Fertilizer Product
7.15.3 Soluble Fertilizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aries Agro(IN)
7.16 Abu Dhabi Fertilizer Industries(AE)
7.17 Dongbu Farm Hannong(KR)
7.18 Stanley(CN)
7.19 Hebei Monbang(CN)
7.20 CNAMPGC Holding(CN)
7.21 Hanfeng(CN)
7.22 Batian(CN)
7.23 Kingenta(CN)
7.24 Sichuan Guoguang Agrochemical(CN)
7.25 Beijing Jinggeng Tianxia Agricultural Science and Technology(CN)
7.26 Strongwill group(CN)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
8.1 Industry Chain of Soluble Fertilizer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Soluble Fertilizer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
