Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) market
Market status and development trend of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) market as:
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Purity 99%
Purity 99.5%
Other
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
PET Copolymer Resins
Unsaturated Polyester Resins
Alkyd or Polyester Surface Coating Resins
Amorphous Polyamide Resins
Adhesives
Other
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Lotte Chemical
Eastman
SABIC
British Petroleum (BP)
Total Petrochemicals
A.G. International Chemical Company Inc (Agic)
Cepsa
Exxonmobil
Koch Chemical Company
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
Versalis
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) market
Market status and development trend of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) market as:
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Purity 99%
Purity 99.5%
Other
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
PET Copolymer Resins
Unsaturated Polyester Resins
Alkyd or Polyester Surface Coating Resins
Amorphous Polyamide Resins
Adhesives
Other
United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Lotte Chemical
Eastman
SABIC
British Petroleum (BP)
Total Petrochemicals
A.G. International Chemical Company Inc (Agic)
Cepsa
Exxonmobil
Koch Chemical Company
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
Versalis
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
1.1 Definition of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
1.2.1 Purity 99%
1.2.2 Purity 99.5%
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
1.3.1 PET Copolymer Resins
1.3.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resins
1.3.3 Alkyd or Polyester Surface Coating Resins
1.3.4 Amorphous Polyamide Resins
1.3.5 Adhesives
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Development History of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Lotte Chemical
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.1.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lotte Chemical
7.2 Eastman
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.2.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eastman
7.3 SABIC
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.3.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SABIC
7.4 British Petroleum (BP)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.4.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of British Petroleum (BP)
7.5 Total Petrochemicals
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.5.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Total Petrochemicals
7.6 A.G. International Chemical Company Inc (Agic)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.6.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of A.G. International Chemical Company Inc (Agic)
7.7 Cepsa
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.7.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cepsa
7.8 Exxonmobil
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.8.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Exxonmobil
7.9 Koch Chemical Company
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.9.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Koch Chemical Company
7.10 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.10.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.11 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.11.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.12 Versalis
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.12.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Versalis
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
8.1 Industry Chain of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
1.2.1 Purity 99%
1.2.2 Purity 99.5%
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
1.3.1 PET Copolymer Resins
1.3.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resins
1.3.3 Alkyd or Polyester Surface Coating Resins
1.3.4 Amorphous Polyamide Resins
1.3.5 Adhesives
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Development History of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Lotte Chemical
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.1.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lotte Chemical
7.2 Eastman
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.2.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eastman
7.3 SABIC
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.3.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SABIC
7.4 British Petroleum (BP)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.4.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of British Petroleum (BP)
7.5 Total Petrochemicals
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.5.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Total Petrochemicals
7.6 A.G. International Chemical Company Inc (Agic)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.6.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of A.G. International Chemical Company Inc (Agic)
7.7 Cepsa
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.7.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cepsa
7.8 Exxonmobil
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.8.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Exxonmobil
7.9 Koch Chemical Company
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.9.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Koch Chemical Company
7.10 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.10.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.11 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.11.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
7.12 Versalis
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Product
7.12.3 Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Versalis
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
8.1 Industry Chain of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Purified Isophthalic Acid (PIA)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF PURIFIED ISOPHTHALIC ACID (PIA)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
