Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) market
Market status and development trend of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) market as:
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation
Potassium Chlorate (Sodium) Oxidation Method
Sodium Hypochlorite Oxidation Method
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Industrial Water Purification Treatment
Drinking Water Purification Treatment
Urban Sewage Purification Treatment
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Furukawa Company
Hengyang CNSG Tianyou Chemical
Jinpu Group
Henan Mebo Environmental Protection Technology
Gongyi Yongxing Biochemical Materials
Jiaozuo Yuanbo Environmental Peotection
Shandong Runde Water Purification Material
Gongyi Hainuo Water Purification Material Factory
Beijing Jiaruilin Water Purification Technology
Hunan Youhua Environmental Technology
Jongmaw Chemical
Shandong Sanfeng Group
Hengyang Tianyu Chemical
Zouping Ruichang Chemical
Zouping Jinxing Chemical
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) market
Market status and development trend of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) market as:
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation
Potassium Chlorate (Sodium) Oxidation Method
Sodium Hypochlorite Oxidation Method
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Industrial Water Purification Treatment
Drinking Water Purification Treatment
Urban Sewage Purification Treatment
Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Furukawa Company
Hengyang CNSG Tianyou Chemical
Jinpu Group
Henan Mebo Environmental Protection Technology
Gongyi Yongxing Biochemical Materials
Jiaozuo Yuanbo Environmental Peotection
Shandong Runde Water Purification Material
Gongyi Hainuo Water Purification Material Factory
Beijing Jiaruilin Water Purification Technology
Hunan Youhua Environmental Technology
Jongmaw Chemical
Shandong Sanfeng Group
Hengyang Tianyu Chemical
Zouping Ruichang Chemical
Zouping Jinxing Chemical
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
1.1 Definition of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
1.2.1 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation
1.2.2 Potassium Chlorate (Sodium) Oxidation Method
1.2.3 Sodium Hypochlorite Oxidation Method
1.3 Downstream Application of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
1.3.1 Industrial Water Purification Treatment
1.3.2 Drinking Water Purification Treatment
1.3.3 Urban Sewage Purification Treatment
1.4 Development History of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) 2013-2017
2.2 Production Market of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions 2013-2017
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions 2013-2017
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Types
3.2 Production Value of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Furukawa Company
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.1.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Furukawa Company
7.2 Hengyang CNSG Tianyou Chemical
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.2.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hengyang CNSG Tianyou Chemical
7.3 Jinpu Group
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.3.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinpu Group
7.4 Henan Mebo Environmental Protection Technology
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.4.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Henan Mebo Environmental Protection Technology
7.5 Gongyi Yongxing Biochemical Materials
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.5.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gongyi Yongxing Biochemical Materials
7.6 Jiaozuo Yuanbo Environmental Peotection
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.6.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jiaozuo Yuanbo Environmental Peotection
7.7 Shandong Runde Water Purification Material
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.7.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Runde Water Purification Material
7.8 Gongyi Hainuo Water Purification Material Factory
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.8.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gongyi Hainuo Water Purification Material Factory
7.9 Beijing Jiaruilin Water Purification Technology
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.9.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Beijing Jiaruilin Water Purification Technology
7.10 Hunan Youhua Environmental Technology
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.10.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hunan Youhua Environmental Technology
7.11 Jongmaw Chemical
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.11.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jongmaw Chemical
7.12 Shandong Sanfeng Group
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.12.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Sanfeng Group
7.13 Hengyang Tianyu Chemical
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.13.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hengyang Tianyu Chemical
7.14 Zouping Ruichang Chemical
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.14.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zouping Ruichang Chemical
7.15 Zouping Jinxing Chemical
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.15.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zouping Jinxing Chemical
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
8.1 Industry Chain of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
1.2.1 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation
1.2.2 Potassium Chlorate (Sodium) Oxidation Method
1.2.3 Sodium Hypochlorite Oxidation Method
1.3 Downstream Application of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
1.3.1 Industrial Water Purification Treatment
1.3.2 Drinking Water Purification Treatment
1.3.3 Urban Sewage Purification Treatment
1.4 Development History of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) 2013-2017
2.2 Production Market of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions 2013-2017
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Regions 2013-2017
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Types
3.2 Production Value of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Furukawa Company
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.1.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Furukawa Company
7.2 Hengyang CNSG Tianyou Chemical
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.2.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hengyang CNSG Tianyou Chemical
7.3 Jinpu Group
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.3.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinpu Group
7.4 Henan Mebo Environmental Protection Technology
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.4.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Henan Mebo Environmental Protection Technology
7.5 Gongyi Yongxing Biochemical Materials
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.5.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gongyi Yongxing Biochemical Materials
7.6 Jiaozuo Yuanbo Environmental Peotection
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.6.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jiaozuo Yuanbo Environmental Peotection
7.7 Shandong Runde Water Purification Material
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.7.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Runde Water Purification Material
7.8 Gongyi Hainuo Water Purification Material Factory
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.8.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gongyi Hainuo Water Purification Material Factory
7.9 Beijing Jiaruilin Water Purification Technology
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.9.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Beijing Jiaruilin Water Purification Technology
7.10 Hunan Youhua Environmental Technology
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.10.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hunan Youhua Environmental Technology
7.11 Jongmaw Chemical
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.11.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jongmaw Chemical
7.12 Shandong Sanfeng Group
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.12.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Sanfeng Group
7.13 Hengyang Tianyu Chemical
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.13.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hengyang Tianyu Chemical
7.14 Zouping Ruichang Chemical
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.14.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zouping Ruichang Chemical
7.15 Zouping Jinxing Chemical
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Product
7.15.3 Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zouping Jinxing Chemical
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
8.1 Industry Chain of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Polymeric Ferric Sulfate(PFS)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF POLYMERIC FERRIC SULFATE(PFS)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
