Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) market
Market status and development trend of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) market as:
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
PLGA 50:50
PLGA 65:35
PLGA 75:25
PLGA 85:15
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Suture
Fracture Fixation
Oral Implant
Drug Delivery Microsphere
Other
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Evonik
PCAS
Purac Biomaterials
Mitsui Chemicals
SDSYXS
Jinan Daigang Biomaterial
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) market
Market status and development trend of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) market as:
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
PLGA 50:50
PLGA 65:35
PLGA 75:25
PLGA 85:15
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Suture
Fracture Fixation
Oral Implant
Drug Delivery Microsphere
Other
United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Evonik
PCAS
Purac Biomaterials
Mitsui Chemicals
SDSYXS
Jinan Daigang Biomaterial
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
1.1 Definition of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
1.2.1 PLGA 50:50
1.2.2 PLGA 65:35
1.2.3 PLGA 75:25
1.2.4 PLGA 85:15
1.3 Downstream Application of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
1.3.1 Suture
1.3.2 Fracture Fixation
1.3.3 Oral Implant
1.3.4 Drug Delivery Microsphere
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Evonik
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.1.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik
7.2 PCAS
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.2.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PCAS
7.3 Purac Biomaterials
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.3.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Purac Biomaterials
7.4 Mitsui Chemicals
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.4.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsui Chemicals
7.5 SDSYXS
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.5.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SDSYXS
7.6 Jinan Daigang Biomaterial
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.6.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinan Daigang Biomaterial
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
8.1 Industry Chain of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
1.2.1 PLGA 50:50
1.2.2 PLGA 65:35
1.2.3 PLGA 75:25
1.2.4 PLGA 85:15
1.3 Downstream Application of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
1.3.1 Suture
1.3.2 Fracture Fixation
1.3.3 Oral Implant
1.3.4 Drug Delivery Microsphere
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Evonik
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.1.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik
7.2 PCAS
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.2.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PCAS
7.3 Purac Biomaterials
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.3.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Purac Biomaterials
7.4 Mitsui Chemicals
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.4.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsui Chemicals
7.5 SDSYXS
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.5.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SDSYXS
7.6 Jinan Daigang Biomaterial
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Product
7.6.3 Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jinan Daigang Biomaterial
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
8.1 Industry Chain of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF POLY(LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
