PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule market
Market status and development trend of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by types and applications
Cost and profit status of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule market as:
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Black Type
Amber Type
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Shoes & Textile
Automotive
Electrical
Woodworking
Other
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Henkel
Bostik
H.B. Fuller
3M
Jowat
Evonik
Huntsman
Schaetti
B?hnen
Sipol
TEX YEAR
XinXin-Adhesive
Shanghai Tianyang
Huate Bonding Material
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule market
Market status and development trend of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by types and applications
Cost and profit status of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule market as:
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Black Type
Amber Type
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Shoes & Textile
Automotive
Electrical
Woodworking
Other
Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Henkel
Bostik
H.B. Fuller
3M
Jowat
Evonik
Huntsman
Schaetti
B?hnen
Sipol
TEX YEAR
XinXin-Adhesive
Shanghai Tianyang
Huate Bonding Material
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
1.1 Definition of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
1.2.1 Black Type
1.2.2 Amber Type
1.3 Downstream Application of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
1.3.1 Shoes & Textile
1.3.2 Automotive
1.3.3 Electrical
1.3.4 Woodworking
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
1.5 Market Status and Trend of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Henkel
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.1.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Henkel
7.2 Bostik
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.2.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bostik
7.3 H.B. Fuller
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.3.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of H.B. Fuller
7.4 3M
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.4.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of 3M
7.5 Jowat
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.5.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jowat
7.6 Evonik
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.6.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik
7.7 Huntsman
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.7.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huntsman
7.8 Schaetti
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.8.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Schaetti
7.9 B?hnen
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.9.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B?hnen
7.10 Sipol
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.10.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sipol
7.11 TEX YEAR
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.11.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TEX YEAR
7.12 XinXin-Adhesive
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.12.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of XinXin-Adhesive
7.13 Shanghai Tianyang
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.13.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shanghai Tianyang
7.14 Huate Bonding Material
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.14.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huate Bonding Material
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
8.1 Industry Chain of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
1.2.1 Black Type
1.2.2 Amber Type
1.3 Downstream Application of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
1.3.1 Shoes & Textile
1.3.2 Automotive
1.3.3 Electrical
1.3.4 Woodworking
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
1.5 Market Status and Trend of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Henkel
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.1.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Henkel
7.2 Bostik
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.2.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bostik
7.3 H.B. Fuller
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.3.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of H.B. Fuller
7.4 3M
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.4.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of 3M
7.5 Jowat
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.5.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Jowat
7.6 Evonik
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.6.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik
7.7 Huntsman
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.7.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huntsman
7.8 Schaetti
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.8.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Schaetti
7.9 B?hnen
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.9.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of B?hnen
7.10 Sipol
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.10.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sipol
7.11 TEX YEAR
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.11.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of TEX YEAR
7.12 XinXin-Adhesive
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.12.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of XinXin-Adhesive
7.13 Shanghai Tianyang
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.13.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shanghai Tianyang
7.14 Huate Bonding Material
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Product
7.14.3 PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huate Bonding Material
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
8.1 Industry Chain of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of PA Hot Melt Adhesive Granule
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF PA HOT MELT ADHESIVE GRANULE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
