Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid market
Market status and development trend of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid market as:
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023)
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Marine
Plants
Liquid
Solid
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Dietary Supplements
Infant Formula
Food & Beverages
Pharmaceuticals
Animal Feed
Others
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
DSM NV
Polaris
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Stepan Company
Smith & Zoon
ABITEC Corporation
Croda International
Wilmar
Aker BioMarine
Omega Protein Corporation
Lonza Group AG
Kao Group
BASF
Oleon
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid-Europe Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Europe and Regional Market Size of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe, with company and product introduction, position in the Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid market
Market status and development trend of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid market as:
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023)
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Marine
Plants
Liquid
Solid
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Dietary Supplements
Infant Formula
Food & Beverages
Pharmaceuticals
Animal Feed
Others
Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
DSM NV
Polaris
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Stepan Company
Smith & Zoon
ABITEC Corporation
Croda International
Wilmar
Aker BioMarine
Omega Protein Corporation
Lonza Group AG
Kao Group
BASF
Oleon
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
1.1 Definition of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
1.2.1 Marine
1.2.2 Plants
1.2.3 Liquid
1.2.4 Solid
1.3 Downstream Application of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
1.3.1 Dietary Supplements
1.3.2 Infant Formula
1.3.3 Food & Beverages
1.3.4 Pharmaceuticals
1.3.5 Animal Feed
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 DSM NV
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.1.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DSM NV
7.2 Polaris
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.2.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Polaris
7.3 Archer Daniels Midland Company
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.3.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Archer Daniels Midland Company
7.4 Stepan Company
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.4.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Stepan Company
7.5 Smith & Zoon
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.5.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Smith & Zoon
7.6 ABITEC Corporation
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.6.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABITEC Corporation
7.7 Croda International
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.7.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Croda International
7.8 Wilmar
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.8.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wilmar
7.9 Aker BioMarine
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.9.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aker BioMarine
7.10 Omega Protein Corporation
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.10.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Omega Protein Corporation
7.11 Lonza Group AG
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.11.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lonza Group AG
7.12 Kao Group
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.12.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kao Group
7.13 BASF
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.13.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.14 Oleon
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.14.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oleon
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
8.1 Industry Chain of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
1.2.1 Marine
1.2.2 Plants
1.2.3 Liquid
1.2.4 Solid
1.3 Downstream Application of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
1.3.1 Dietary Supplements
1.3.2 Infant Formula
1.3.3 Food & Beverages
1.3.4 Pharmaceuticals
1.3.5 Animal Feed
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid 2013-2023
1.5.1 Europe Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Germany 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in United Kingdom 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in France 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Italy 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Spain 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Benelux 2013-2017
2.3.7 Market Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Russia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Europe Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Types
3.2 Europe Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Germany
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in United Kingdom
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in France
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in Italy
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Spain
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Benelux
3.2.7 Market Status by Types in Russia
3.3 Market Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Types
CHAPTER 4 EUROPE MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Germany
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in United Kingdom
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in France
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Italy
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Spain
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Benelux
4.2.7 Demand Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Downstream Industry in Russia
4.3 Market Forecast of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
5.1 Europe Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EUROPE
6.1 Sales Volume of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid in Europe by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 DSM NV
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.1.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DSM NV
7.2 Polaris
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.2.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Polaris
7.3 Archer Daniels Midland Company
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.3.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Archer Daniels Midland Company
7.4 Stepan Company
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.4.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Stepan Company
7.5 Smith & Zoon
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.5.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Smith & Zoon
7.6 ABITEC Corporation
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.6.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ABITEC Corporation
7.7 Croda International
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.7.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Croda International
7.8 Wilmar
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.8.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Wilmar
7.9 Aker BioMarine
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.9.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aker BioMarine
7.10 Omega Protein Corporation
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.10.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Omega Protein Corporation
7.11 Lonza Group AG
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.11.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lonza Group AG
7.12 Kao Group
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.12.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kao Group
7.13 BASF
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.13.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.14 Oleon
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Product
7.14.3 Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oleon
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
8.1 Industry Chain of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Omega-6 Nutritional Lipid
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF OMEGA-6 NUTRITIONAL LIPID
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
